Unix Windowing Systems

The phrase "windowing system for Unix" is nearly synonymous with X11 and, increasingly, Wayland. While X11 has dominated the Unix window system market for decades, it has coexisted with many others over the years. Some of them were early competitors that fell by the wayside, others filled niches that X was unable to, and still others are just fun little things someone made for fun or for a school project.

This project has three aims:

• Gather information about these alternative window systems
• Bring them up under emulation, where possible
• Preserve them by porting them to modern operating systems, where practical

Early Competitors and Predecessors

• ManaGeR (MGR)
• SunView
• NeWS / OpenWindows
• NeXT Display PostScript
• PERQ PNX / Sapphire
• HP Windows/9000
• CMU Andrew Window Manager
• W (the predecessor to X)
• prior versions of X (I'm aware X10R4 has been run in emulation)
• mpx and mux from Research Unix 8/9
• layers
• the UNIX PC window system

MGR

Screenshot of the MGR window system, showing vi and a shell session, running in 640x480 monochrome mode

MGR ("ManaGeR") was a window system written for the Sun-3 (68k machines). It saw some use as a lightweight alternative to SunView and X. It's notable in that the terminal emulator is located in the display server, and that graphics are accessed with terminal escape sequences. This means that it's well-suited for running a bunch of terminal windows, but not for animations or video.

It's also network transparent; clients can be run through any sort of terminal/telnet/modem line. This resembles the Blit, and apparently the Blit terminal from Bell Labs inspired MGR .

MGR apparently saw lots of ports:

• Linux
• Sun-4 (SPARC) (both SunOS and, later, Solaris)
• Coherent
• Macintosh
• Atari ST (MiNT)
• Xenix
• Minix
• DECstation 3100 (Ultrix)
• AT&T UNIX PC
• OS-9
• Lynx

The MGR 0.69 distribution claims to have support for SunOS 4.1.2, Linux 0.99.14, HP-UX 8.07, Coherent 4.0, and FreeBSD 2.0. With considerable massaging of the Makefiles, includes, and defines, the 640x480 monochrome VGA server builds and runs on FreeBSD 2.0. (The clients don't build, but MGR is useful without them.) Higher resolutions would probably be easier to attain in Linux. 800x600 is also known to work in VSTa.

Other ways to get this running:

• Emulating the original platform (Sun-3) is *possible* with TME, but that's a hassle.
• There's MC Widerkrantz's Solaris port, which QEMU might be able to run.
• andrew_w on the Discord has a disk image with a VSTa port of MGR, which apparently runs well in 86Box
• Someone ported MGR to run on top of X a decade ago. Practical but boring.

Finally, given how portable MGR has proven to be, it might be feasible to forward-port it to the modern Linux framebuffer.

Niche Window Systems

• Xynth/XFast
• QNX Windows
• QNX Photon
• QNX screen
• RockLyte Athene
• Maryland Windows
• BSD window(1)
• the A/UX window system

BSD window

window(1) is a terminal multiplexer that offers overlapping windows on ordinary character cell terminals. It was introduced in 4.3BSD, and survived long enough to make it into the modern BSD systems for a bit. All of them have since jettisoned it in favor of tmux. Its last appearance was in NetBSD 6.1.

The NetBSD version of window was archived into pkgsrc . The terminal emulation isn't ANSI-compliant, and there's no terminfo definition on non-NetBSD platforms (at least not on macOS). Compatibility with modern fancy shell prompts and TUI software is limited; Neofetch in particular emits sludge.

TODO: a good screenshot

TODO: build/install instructions for non-NetBSD (could probably make a fork/distribution with a terminfo definition)

Novelties

• Twin
• Y Window System
• Orbital