Intel Itanium - Revision history

Dr. Shuppet: Fixed syntax hightlighting error

2022-12-24T21:57:04Z

Fixed syntax hightlighting error

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:57, 24 December 2022
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	RHEL 5 can be easily used for both PV and HV Xen:		RHEL 5 can be easily used for both PV and HV Xen:
	<~~syntaxhighlight~~>		<pre>
	# subscription-manager repos --enable=rhel-5-server-vt-rpms		# subscription-manager repos --enable=rhel-5-server-vt-rpms
	# subscription-manager repos --enable=rhel-5-server-supplementary-rpms		# subscription-manager repos --enable=rhel-5-server-supplementary-rpms
	# yum install xen kernel-xen virt-manager libvirt libvirt-python python-virtinst xen-ia64-guest-firmware		# yum install xen kernel-xen virt-manager libvirt libvirt-python python-virtinst xen-ia64-guest-firmware
	</~~syntaxhighlight~~>		</pre>

	== Emulators ==		== Emulators ==

Dr. Shuppet: Corrected mention of Itanium hardware post-Montecito

2022-12-23T18:37:06Z

Corrected mention of Itanium hardware post-Montecito

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:37, 23 December 2022
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	In the late 90s, Itanium was believed to be a revolutionary concept that will take over most areas on computing; because of that, many hardware and software vendors planned to support it, often abandoning their original architecture and porting their operating system to Itanium. These include IBM, SGI, DEC/Compaq, Bull, HP, SuperMicro, Sun, Dell, Tandem and Secure64. This led to Itanium being viewed by some as an unfortunate mistake that killed most RISC platforms<ref>https://www.pcmag.com/archive/how-the-itanium-killed-the-computer-industry-236394</ref> or even a conspiracy by Intel.		In the late 90s, Itanium was believed to be a revolutionary concept that will take over most areas on computing; because of that, many hardware and software vendors planned to support it, often abandoning their original architecture and porting their operating system to Itanium. These include IBM, SGI, DEC/Compaq, Bull, HP, SuperMicro, Sun, Dell, Tandem and Secure64. This led to Itanium being viewed by some as an unfortunate mistake that killed most RISC platforms<ref>https://www.pcmag.com/archive/how-the-itanium-killed-the-computer-industry-236394</ref> or even a conspiracy by Intel.

	Itanium CPUs can be generally divided into three generations: Itanium 1, Itanium 2 and Itanium 9xxx. The 2001 Itanium 1, codenamed Merced, didn't deliver the expected performance - not many machines were made before it being replaced with Itanium 2 a year later. Itanium 2, codenamed McKinley, caught up and was adopted by many vendors including IBM, Dell and SGI, but that didn't last very long. By the release of the first 9xxx CPU, codenamed Montecito, Itanium ~~became an HP~~-~~only architecture~~.		Itanium CPUs can be generally divided into three generations: Itanium 1, Itanium 2 and Itanium 9xxx. The 2001 Itanium 1, codenamed Merced, didn't deliver the expected performance - not many machines were made before it being replaced with Itanium 2 a year later. Itanium 2, codenamed McKinley, caught up and was adopted by many vendors including IBM, Dell and SGI, but that didn't last very long. Since the release of the first 9xxx CPU, codenamed Montecito, only SGI and Inspur continued to produce Itanium hardware, the latter going as far as 95xx Poulson CPUs in the
			Inspur TianSuo K1<ref>https://www.router-switch.com/inspur-tiansuo-k1-910-system.html</ref>.

	== History ==		== History ==

Kraaabs: categorization ~Sarah

2022-11-28T17:01:18Z

categorization ~Sarah

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:01, 28 November 2022
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			[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]
	'''Intel Itanium''' (also called IA64<ref>https://learn.microsoft.com/cs-cz/dotnet/api/microsoft.build.utilities.processorarchitecture.ia64</ref>, IA-64<ref>https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/ia-64</ref>, I64<ref>https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/home/productSelector?psiTask=mostViewed&sp4ts.oid=5223226</ref>, PA-WW<ref>https://secure64.com/2021/01/06/bill-worley-technical-visionary-and-co-founder-of-secure64-has-passed-away/</ref> and IPF<ref>https://ipf-orc.sourceforge.net/</ref>) is a 64-bit processor architecture and corresponding processor family created by HP and Intel during the 90s and first released in 2001. Shipping with a significant delay, Itanium achieved moderate success between years 2002 and 2006, then slowly faded into obscurity, only kept alive for HP's Integrity platform running HP-UX, before it was finally discontinued in 2021<ref>https://www.techradar.com/news/intel-bids-farewell-to-itanium-processor-family</ref>. Its most prominent feature is the use of VLIW-like explicit parallelism (EPIC), where the compiler selects which instructions should be run in parallel (instead of the CPU itself, as is common in RISC).		'''Intel Itanium''' (also called IA64<ref>https://learn.microsoft.com/cs-cz/dotnet/api/microsoft.build.utilities.processorarchitecture.ia64</ref>, IA-64<ref>https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/ia-64</ref>, I64<ref>https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/home/productSelector?psiTask=mostViewed&sp4ts.oid=5223226</ref>, PA-WW<ref>https://secure64.com/2021/01/06/bill-worley-technical-visionary-and-co-founder-of-secure64-has-passed-away/</ref> and IPF<ref>https://ipf-orc.sourceforge.net/</ref>) is a 64-bit processor architecture and corresponding processor family created by HP and Intel during the 90s and first released in 2001. Shipping with a significant delay, Itanium achieved moderate success between years 2002 and 2006, then slowly faded into obscurity, only kept alive for HP's Integrity platform running HP-UX, before it was finally discontinued in 2021<ref>https://www.techradar.com/news/intel-bids-farewell-to-itanium-processor-family</ref>. Its most prominent feature is the use of VLIW-like explicit parallelism (EPIC), where the compiler selects which instructions should be run in parallel (instead of the CPU itself, as is common in RISC).

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	==References==		==References==
	<references />		<references />

	~~[[Category:Itanium]]~~

Dr. Shuppet: Added link to Merced guest support article

2022-11-28T07:58:51Z

Added link to Merced guest support article

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:58, 28 November 2022
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	== Emulators ==		== Emulators ==
	Itanium is one of the few architectures that does not have full QEMU host emulation support to this day. There is a qemu-system-ia64 to be used together with KVM<ref>https://repo.or.cz/kvm-userspace.git/tree</ref>, but with no CPU emulation. Another effort consists primarily of qemu-ia64 user target emulation, with an incomplete host target<ref>https://qemu.mercurysquad.com</ref>.		Itanium is one of the few architectures that does not have full QEMU host emulation support to this day. There is a qemu-system-ia64 to be used together with KVM<ref>https://repo.or.cz/kvm-userspace.git/tree</ref>, but with no CPU emulation. A DisNCord project related to [[AIX on Itanium]] is dedicated to implementing [[Merced guest support on QEMU]]. Another effort consists primarily of qemu-ia64 user target emulation, with an incomplete host target<ref>https://qemu.mercurysquad.com</ref>.

	Originally, an emulator called ski was developed by HP to be used when real hardware was non-existent or rare<ref>https://ski.sourceforge.net</ref>. It is able to run both IA-32 and IA-64 code, but it has some issues that make it impractical to use. The software was not updated for many years, leading to its user emulation to lack syscalls and making it tricky to compile on modern systems. Full host emulation is present, but very minimal, no real hardware is emulated, hence the guest OS has to specifically support the hardware emulated by ski. Also it ships with no firmware, which has to be provided together with a "bootloader" by the OS. While the Linux technically supports being built for ski and it has been run on ski as late as 2017<ref>https://trofi.github.io/posts/199-ia64-machine-emulation.html</ref>, the build is broken for newer kernels.		Originally, an emulator called ski was developed by HP to be used when real hardware was non-existent or rare<ref>https://ski.sourceforge.net</ref>. It is able to run both IA-32 and IA-64 code, but it has some issues that make it impractical to use. The software was not updated for many years, leading to its user emulation to lack syscalls and making it tricky to compile on modern systems. Full host emulation is present, but very minimal, no real hardware is emulated, hence the guest OS has to specifically support the hardware emulated by ski. Also it ships with no firmware, which has to be provided together with a "bootloader" by the OS. While the Linux technically supports being built for ski and it has been run on ski as late as 2017<ref>https://trofi.github.io/posts/199-ia64-machine-emulation.html</ref>, the build is broken for newer kernels.

Dr. Shuppet: Added information about Itanium emulators

2022-10-22T17:49:48Z

Added information about Itanium emulators

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:49, 22 October 2022
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	== Emulators ==		== Emulators ==
	~~Ski~~, ~~QEMU~~, ~~Simics~~.		Itanium is one of the few architectures that does not have full QEMU host emulation support to this day. There is a qemu-system-ia64 to be used together with KVM<ref>https://repo.or.cz/kvm-userspace.git/tree</ref>, but with no CPU emulation. Another effort consists primarily of qemu-ia64 user target emulation, with an incomplete host target<ref>https://qemu.mercurysquad.com</ref>.

			Originally, an emulator called ski was developed by HP to be used when real hardware was non-existent or rare<ref>https://ski.sourceforge.net</ref>. It is able to run both IA-32 and IA-64 code, but it has some issues that make it impractical to use. The software was not updated for many years, leading to its user emulation to lack syscalls and making it tricky to compile on modern systems. Full host emulation is present, but very minimal, no real hardware is emulated, hence the guest OS has to specifically support the hardware emulated by ski. Also it ships with no firmware, which has to be provided together with a "bootloader" by the OS. While the Linux technically supports being built for ski and it has been run on ski as late as 2017<ref>https://trofi.github.io/posts/199-ia64-machine-emulation.html</ref>, the build is broken for newer kernels.

			Simics, a commercial emulator supporting multiple architectures, emulates Itanium, more specifically a Merced machine with a part of 82460GX chipset's functionality<ref>https://www2.cs.sfu.ca/CourseCentral/886/fedorova/Tools/Simics-old/simics-3.0.23/doc/simics-target-guide-ia64.pdf</ref>. Its system emulation is more complete than that of ski, but it also supports only Linux, at least officially that is.

			There is also an emulator from Intel called SoftSDV that can boot Windows and Linux<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2572891_SoftSDV_A_Presilicon_Software_Development_Environment_for_the_IA-64_Architecture</ref>, however it is not publicly available,
	==References==		==References==
	<references />		<references />

	[[Category:Itanium]]		[[Category:Itanium]]

Dr. Shuppet: Added details about HPVM dropping Linux and Windows

2022-10-22T17:25:35Z

Added details about HPVM dropping Linux and Windows

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:25, 22 October 2022
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	== Virtualization ==		== Virtualization ==
	On HP-UX, HP provides a hypervisor called Integrity Software Machines (also HPVM), capable of running HP-UX, and for older ~~versions~~ also Linux, ~~Windows~~ and ~~OpenVMS~~. On Linux, KVM and Xen are supported, but both were removed eventually, hence you need an older kernel for them.		On HP-UX, HP provides a hypervisor called Integrity Software Machines (also HPVM), capable of running HP-UX and OpenVMS, and for version 4.2 and older also Linux and Windows (later versions drop emulated IO and keep only paravirtualized IO, which is not supported outside HP-UX and VMS). On Linux, KVM and Xen are supported, but both were removed eventually, hence you need an older kernel for them.

	The capabilities of virtualization on Itanium depend on whether your CPU has VT-I or not. Without VT-i, you can run Linux, Windows and HP-UX in HPVM, and Linux in Xen PV (only older versions with PV guest support). VT-i gives you in addition OpenVMS support on HPVM, together with KVM and Xen HV on Linux.		The capabilities of virtualization on Itanium depend on whether your CPU has VT-I or not. Without VT-i, you can run Linux, Windows and HP-UX in HPVM, and Linux in Xen PV (only older versions with PV guest support). VT-i gives you in addition OpenVMS support on HPVM, together with KVM and Xen HV on Linux.

Dr. Shuppet: Added information about virtualization in general, HPVM and Xen

2022-10-05T13:05:41Z

Added information about virtualization in general, HPVM and Xen

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:05, 5 October 2022
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	== Virtualization ==		== Virtualization ==
	Xen (PV ~~and HV~~), KVM~~, HPVM~~.		On HP-UX, HP provides a hypervisor called Integrity Software Machines (also HPVM), capable of running HP-UX, and for older versions also Linux, Windows and OpenVMS. On Linux, KVM and Xen are supported, but both were removed eventually, hence you need an older kernel for them.

			The capabilities of virtualization on Itanium depend on whether your CPU has VT-I or not. Without VT-i, you can run Linux, Windows and HP-UX in HPVM, and Linux in Xen PV (only older versions with PV guest support). VT-i gives you in addition OpenVMS support on HPVM, together with KVM and Xen HV on Linux.

			RHEL 5 can be easily used for both PV and HV Xen:
			<syntaxhighlight>
			# subscription-manager repos --enable=rhel-5-server-vt-rpms
			# subscription-manager repos --enable=rhel-5-server-supplementary-rpms
			# yum install xen kernel-xen virt-manager libvirt libvirt-python python-virtinst xen-ia64-guest-firmware
			</syntaxhighlight>

	== Emulators ==		== Emulators ==

Dr. Shuppet: Fixed references and added categories

2022-10-04T20:10:08Z

Fixed references and added categories

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:10, 4 October 2022
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	== Emulators ==		== Emulators ==
	Ski, QEMU, Simics.		Ski, QEMU, Simics.

			==References==
			<references />

			[[Category:Itanium]]

Dr. Shuppet: Expanded page skeleton

2022-10-04T20:06:29Z

Expanded page skeleton

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:06, 4 October 2022
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	== History ==		== History ==
			From Merced to Kittson.

	== Operating systems ==		== Operating systems ==
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	== Compilers ==		== Compilers ==
			GCC, MSVC, Open64, HP C (DEC), HP C/aCC, Intel C Compiler. Performance. Java.

	== Virtualization ==		== Virtualization ==
			Xen (PV and HV), KVM, HPVM.

			== Emulators ==
			Ski, QEMU, Simics.

Dr. Shuppet: Added basic information about operating systems

2022-10-04T19:54:37Z

Added basic information about operating systems

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:54, 4 October 2022
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	== Operating systems ==		== Operating systems ==
			Itanium-based systems support HP-UX (version 11.20 and higher), OpenVMS (8.0 and higher), Linux and SourceT Micro OS. In the past, it also supported Windows (from XP to Server 2008 R2), FreeBSD (from 5.0 to 10.4), NonStop OS and [[AIX on Itanium\|AIX]] (version 5L, also known by its codename Monterey). Unlike x86, Itanium support both big endian and little endian mode, which is used by many operating systems to keep their endianness the same as on other platforms. An exception to this is AIX, which is little endian on Itanium.

	== Compilers ==		== Compilers ==

	== Virtualization ==		== Virtualization ==