https://wiki.restless.systems/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=VmlemonDisNCord Community Wiki - User contributions [en]2026-05-29T18:10:28ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.42.1https://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Useful_Tools&diff=1314Useful Tools2025-01-27T22:24:37Z<p>Vmlemon: HP LIF tools</p>
<hr />
<div>== File System Manipulation ==<br />
* [https://github.com/aaru-dps/Aaru Aaru] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of disk image, partition table, and file system formats, and is built with the Microsoft .NET Framework - builds exist, for several operating systems.<br />
* [https://linux.die.net/man/8/kpartx kpartx] is a fairly standard command to automatically create loop devices for whole disk images (assuming regular partition table types Linux can understand).<br />
* [https://osxfuse.github.io/ macFUSE] allows you to use FUSE filesystems on macOS.<br />
* [https://www.vms2linux.de/ods5fs.html OpenVMS ODS-5 file system for Linux] is a kernel module, in source form. A TinyCore Linux VM, with it pre-installed is also available.<br />
* [https://github.com/bug400/lifutils LIFUtils] contains tools, for working with HP LIF (Logical Interchange Format) disk images<br />
<br />
== FUSE File Systems ==<br />
* [https://llg.cubic.org/tools/cbmfs/ CBMFS] supports various disk image formats (d64, d71, d81, d80, and d82), from 8-bit Commodore systems<br />
* [https://github.com/pcrow/atari_8bit_utils Atari 8-bit Utils] contains ATRFS, which supports Atari DOS 1, Atari DOS 2.0s, Atari DOS 2.5, MyDOS 4.53, SpartaDOS, Atari DOS 3 (read-only), Atari DOS 4 published by Antic (read-only), and LiteDOS volumes, in ATR disk image files.<br />
* [https://gitlab.com/t-m/fuseadf FUSEADF] supports AmigaOS disk images, and requires ADFLib, to compile.<br />
* [https://github.com/realchonk/fuse-ufs FUSE-UFS] supports FreeBSD UFSv2 volumes.<br />
* [https://github.com/0x09/hfsfuse HFS-FUSE] supports Apple HFS+ volumes, including resource forks, and extended attributes.<br />
* [https://www.adsb.co.uk/bbc/linux/ Acorn ADFS, and DFS] implementations, written in Perl. Requires the "Fuse" CPAN module to be installed, to build.<br />
* [https://github.com/jaylogue/retro-fuse RetroFUSE] supports 5th/6th/7th Edition Research UNIX, 2.9BSD, and 2.11BSD file systems<br />
* [https://github.com/FranciscoDA/ps2mcfs PlayStation 2 Memory Card File System] implementation, in FUSE<br />
* [https://github.com/mxmlnkn/ratarmount ratarmount] is a FUSE file system, that can mount various archive formats, and allow random access to files, stored within them<br />
* [https://launchpad.net/~idefix/+archive/ubuntu/befs-support befs-support] is a FUSE driver, for the BeOS/Haiku BFS file system (last release is for Ubuntu "Zesty", but can be installed on later versions)<br />
<br />
== Archive Manipulation == <br />
* [https://www.7-zip.org/ 7-Zip] supports the Windows Imaging format (<code>.WIM</code>) disk images, with LZX compression, as used by Windows 8.1.<br />
* [https://github.com/MacPaw/XADMaster XADMaster] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of compression, and archival formats, and can also expand some disk image formats - this seems to be the basis of the "unar" utility, provided for Ubuntu, and some other Linux distributions.<br />
* [https://github.com/twogood/unshield unshield] is a CLI tool, for unpacking various flavours of InstallShield archive.<br />
* [https://www.anerty.net/software/file/jSAVF/?lang=en jSAVF] is a Java-based application, for accessing IBM i (AKA OS/400) save files, under Windows, and Linux<br />
<br />
== Firmware Image Extraction ==<br />
* The [http://marksmods.com/Hack-the-L7/zip/random.zip RandomSHX] utility, for Windows will extract the contents of some Motorola P2K (e.g. A835) "UNIX Generated SuperFile" firmware archives - this requires Windows, and does not work with UNC paths.<br />
* The <code>srecord</code> package, under Ubuntu contains a utility, that can convert Motorola S-Record files, into plain binaries: (for example <code>srec_cat C139_V1.0.03.E.m0 -Output C139_V1.0.03.E.bin -Binary</code>).<br />
<br />
* BinWalk is extremely useful, for extracting files, and resources out of firmware images, executables, and file system structures.<br />
<br />
== Binary reverse engineering ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.dependencywalker.com/ Dependency Walker] for understanding Windows program dependencies and what's used by the program, helpful for software archaeology.<br />
* [https://ghidra-sre.org/ Ghidra] is an open-source set of RE tools, including a set of decompilers and disassemblers for most binary formats.<br />
<br />
== Development tools ==<br />
* [https://github.com/davidgiven/ack The Amsterdam Compiler Kit] is one of the few (mostly) C99 compilers around that can still target a PDP-11 Unix v7 target.<br />
* [https://github.com/JuliaHubOSS/llvm-cbe llvm-cbe] is the C backend for LLVM -- it can convert LLVM bytecode into C (useful for compiling modern C++ targeting systems that don't have a functional modern C++ compiler, for example).<br />
* [https://www.ibiblio.org/pub/micro/pc-stuff/freedos/gnuish/gnuish_t.htm GNUish Project] is a port of UNIX standard utilities for DOS with family mode support (useful for replacing equivalent utilities that cannot be ran under OS/2).<br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1313NonStop2025-01-27T20:49:41Z<p>Vmlemon: Reorganise the headings</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== Product Family ==<br />
NonStop is a range of fault-tolerant hardware platforms, and operating systems, developed by Tandem (later acquired by Compaq, absorbed into Hewlett-Packard, and then, further span into Hewlett Packard Enterprise). <br />
<br />
It comprises of multiple generations of systems, based on MIPS, Itanium, and x86 ISAs, and a combination of proprietary, and standard components, and firmware, supporting hot-swapping of hardware modules, and graceful degradation of them. <br />
<br />
== NonStop Kernel ==<br />
TODO : Guardian, OSS environments, file formats, big endian x86<br />
<br />
=== Guardian Environment ===<br />
<br />
=== Common Run-Time Environment (CRE) ===<br />
The CRE is a library that provides provides API, and ABI interoperability, between the C/C++, COBOL, and FORTRAN runtime environments, and can be accessed in both the Guardian, and OSS environments.<br />
<br />
=== Open System Services (OSS) Environment ===<br />
OSS is an optional subsystem, derived from OSF/1 source code (primarily several revisions of OSF/1 1.3, with some components from OSF/1 1.2), that implements a UNIX compatibility environment. <br />
<br />
Recent versions include header files, and utilities from LLVM, that have been modified, to also interoperate with the Guardian environment, and implement compatibility with DinkumWare ABIs, as well as a large amount of RogueWave's C Standard Library implementation.<br />
<br />
Some libraries were developed by Encore Computer Corporation, and others were imported from upstream BSD UNIX, and Carnegie-Mellon University's Mach implementation, via OSF/1.<br />
<br />
=== Development Environment ===<br />
TODO : Relationship with OSF/1, toolchains - COBOL/C/C++<br />
At least one version of the NonStop Development Environment, for Windows, which includes cross-compilers, for COBOL, and C/C++ has been found.<br />
<br />
== Variants ==<br />
<br />
=== TNS/X ===<br />
Executables for the x86-64 variant are usually identified as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel), dynamically linked, with debug_info, not stripped)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These systems are unique, in that that NonStop Kernel always runs in a big endian mode, despite the underlying CPU being little endian.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/E ===<br />
Executables for the Itanium variant are usually described as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB IA-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These machines boot using EFI, and can boot from an El Torito-compliant ISO 9660 volume, such as the ''HPI Loader, and Halted States SVCS NS1000FWV1 Update 1 (542908-002)'' disc, that has been archived.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/R === <br />
Executables for the MIPS variant are usually described as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV))</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
== NonStop-UX ==<br />
NonStop-UX was a variant of UNIX, developed by Tandem, containing AT&T System V, and 4.3BSD components. Ports are known to exist, for MIPS-based systems.<br />
<br />
It doesn't seem to be directly derived from NonStop Kernel, and doesn't contain technology from OSF/1, in the base operating system. It does, however, have a port of OSF/Motif available, as an optional package.<br />
<br />
Like NonStop Kernel, it uses ELF, as its primary executable format, and <code>file</code> typically identifies executables as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB executable, MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /usr/lib/libc.so.1, stripped</code><br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
* [https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220423134145/http://nonstoptools.com/manuals/OSS-Installation.pdf Open System Services Installation Guide]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220415184811/http://nonstoptools.com/manuals/CRE-CommonRunEnvironment.pdf Common Run-Time Environment (CRE) Programmer’s Guide]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Help_Wanted&diff=1312Help Wanted2025-01-25T23:23:10Z<p>Vmlemon: /* HP/Compaq/Tandem NonStop */ Link to NonStop article, notes on toolchain</p>
<hr />
<div>As time passes, it becomes apparent that products, documentation, Websites, and organisations sink without a trace, and entire swathes of computing, and technology history, and culture becomes lost. With that in mind, this page exists, to raise awareness of "endangered" (i.e. things are known, but slowly becoming forgotten/lost), or sparsely-documented aspects of historical interest. <br />
<br />
== 3Com 3+Share ==<br />
To date, very little documentation, beyond historical footnotes, about this networking product, let alone copies of associated software are available. Please help us change this, if you can.<br />
<br />
== Banyan VINES ==<br />
We're always on the lookout, for more versions of VINES, and associated software, and hardware, as well as documentation. The #banyan-resurrection channel, on Discord always welcomes new faces!<br />
<br />
== Computing, in South Korea ==<br />
Whilst looking for information on WebKit, and stumbling across a copy of Samsung's Dolfin browser source code, for their proprietary Samsung Handset Platform (SHP), and Bada layer, it occurred to us, that we have very little information, in English, let alone Korean, about the development of the computing culture, and industry, in South Korea, despite prominent companies, like LG, and Samsung being present, in the global conscious. <br />
<br />
=== Samsung Bada ===<br />
Bada was a rare attempt at launching a new smartphone OS, written in C++, based on extending a proprietary, internally-developed feature phone platform (MOCHA/SHP), with a public SDK. (It was conceptually similar, in terms of positioning, to Qualcomm BREW). Most handsets used the Mentor Graphics Nucleus kernel, and the SDK, and documentation was available, for a short time, but copies of it are now difficult to come by - so, we should probably make some kind of effort, to change this.<br />
<br />
=== UNIX Machines ===<br />
[https://www.etri.re.kr/45th/eng/sub05_2.html ETRI]'s 45th Anniversary page mentions HAN-8, SSM-16 (a Motorola 68K, UNIX V.7 system), and SSM-32, as well as the MAHA distributed file system, and computing architecture. A [http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO198673874172736.pdf PDF], in Korean, from KoreaScience elaborates on some of the implementation, of the SSM-16. <br />
<br />
Sadly, there's very little information, on these early systems, or their development. Maybe someone, either involved in their development, or usage, or with access to documentation/hardware/software, inside South Korea would be able to shine a light on these?<br />
<br />
== HP/Compaq/Tandem [[NonStop]] ==<br />
Other than some [https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ported] Open Source packages, on a site that's designed to be hostile towards mirroring/automated downloading tools, and the ''HPI Loader, and Halted States SVCS NS1000FWV1 Update 1'' CD, that was archived, very few copies of the NonStop OS, or its associated Guardian/OSS components, or third-party software has surfaced. It would be interesting, to examine this OS, in more detail. <br />
<br />
A copy of a cross-compilation toolchain, for Windows, that supports COBOL, and C/C++, on x86-based systems has also been discovered.<br />
<br />
== IBM AIX/ESA ==<br />
It appears that very scant documentation exists, on IBM's OSF/1-based AIX/ESA operating system, beyond pricing, and press releases, and so far, no copies of the software have been discovered. It would be interesting, to examine this product, in the context of IBM's microkernel-based OS initiatives, such as WorkPlace OS. <br />
<br />
== IBM TopView SDK ==<br />
Recently, some of us started looking at IBM's TopView environment, for MS-DOS, and got curious about the format of the <code>EXT</code> executable files, that seem to contain a header, with some descriptive strings, before an x86 jump instruction. It would be interesting, to find a copy of the SDK, so we can understand the format of these files, further, beyond what can be gleaned from reverse-engineering, with a hex editor, and <code>strings</code>.<br />
<br />
== Stratus (Open)VOS ==<br />
To date, no copies of OpenVOS, or VOS have been found, and although Stratus Technologies maintain some public documentation, on their Website, their public FTP server was quietly closed down, a while ago, and the archives of it, that exist, are likely to be incomplete. It would also be interesting, to examine any SDKs, and place VOS in the context of MULTICS, and its descendants. <br />
<br />
== Taligent ==<br />
We're looking for documentation, as well as software released by Taligent, or as part of the Pink project, at Apple - especially related to CommonPoint, or TalOS. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
[[Category:History]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1295NonStop2024-12-24T19:09:13Z<p>Vmlemon: /* Resources */ CRE guide</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== Product Family ==<br />
NonStop is a range of fault-tolerant hardware platforms, and operating systems, developed by Tandem (later acquired by Compaq, absorbed into Hewlett-Packard, and then, further span into Hewlett Packard Enterprise). <br />
<br />
It comprises of multiple generations of systems, based on MIPS, Itanium, and x86 ISAs, and a combination of proprietary, and standard components, and firmware, supporting hot-swapping of hardware modules, and graceful degradation of them. <br />
<br />
== NonStop Kernel ==<br />
TODO : Guardian, OSS environments, file formats, big endian x86<br />
<br />
=== Guardian Environment ===<br />
<br />
=== Common Run-Time Environment (CRE) ===<br />
The CRE is a library that provides provides API, and ABI interoperability, between the C/C++, COBOL, and FORTRAN runtime environments, and can be accessed in both the Guardian, and OSS environments.<br />
<br />
=== Open System Services (OSS) Environment ===<br />
OSS is an optional subsystem, derived from OSF/1 source code (primarily several revisions of OSF/1 1.3, with some components from OSF/1 1.2), that implements a UNIX compatibility environment. <br />
<br />
Recent versions include header files, and utilities from LLVM, that have been modified, to also interoperate with the Guardian environment, and implement compatibility with DinkumWare ABIs, as well as a large amount of RogueWave's C Standard Library implementation.<br />
<br />
Some libraries were developed by Encore Computer Corporation, and others were imported from upstream BSD UNIX, and Carnegie-Mellon University's Mach implementation, via OSF/1.<br />
<br />
=== Development Environment ===<br />
TODO : Relationship with OSF/1, toolchains - COBOL/C/C++<br />
At least one version of the NonStop Development Environment, for Windows, which includes cross-compilers, for COBOL, and C/C++ has been found.<br />
<br />
== NonStop-UX ==<br />
NonStop-UX was a variant of UNIX, developed by Tandem, containing AT&T System V, and 4.3BSD components. Ports are known to exist, for MIPS-based systems.<br />
<br />
It doesn't seem to be directly derived from NonStop Kernel, and doesn't contain technology from OSF/1, in the base operating system. It does, however, have a port of OSF/Motif available, as an optional package.<br />
<br />
Like NonStop Kernel, it uses ELF, as its primary executable format, and <code>file</code> typically identifies executables as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB executable, MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /usr/lib/libc.so.1, stripped</code><br />
<br />
== Variants ==<br />
<br />
=== TNS/X ===<br />
Executables for the x86-64 variant are usually identified as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel), dynamically linked, with debug_info, not stripped)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These systems are unique, in that that NonStop Kernel always runs in a big endian mode, despite the underlying CPU being little endian.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/E ===<br />
Executables for the Itanium variant are usually described as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB IA-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These machines boot using EFI, and can boot from an El Torito-compliant ISO 9660 volume, such as the ''HPI Loader, and Halted States SVCS NS1000FWV1 Update 1 (542908-002)'' disc, that has been archived.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/R === <br />
Executables for the MIPS variant are usually described as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV))</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
* [https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220423134145/http://nonstoptools.com/manuals/OSS-Installation.pdf Open System Services Installation Guide]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220415184811/http://nonstoptools.com/manuals/CRE-CommonRunEnvironment.pdf Common Run-Time Environment (CRE) Programmer’s Guide]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1294NonStop2024-12-24T19:08:13Z<p>Vmlemon: /* NonStop Kernel */ Common Runtime Environment</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== Product Family ==<br />
NonStop is a range of fault-tolerant hardware platforms, and operating systems, developed by Tandem (later acquired by Compaq, absorbed into Hewlett-Packard, and then, further span into Hewlett Packard Enterprise). <br />
<br />
It comprises of multiple generations of systems, based on MIPS, Itanium, and x86 ISAs, and a combination of proprietary, and standard components, and firmware, supporting hot-swapping of hardware modules, and graceful degradation of them. <br />
<br />
== NonStop Kernel ==<br />
TODO : Guardian, OSS environments, file formats, big endian x86<br />
<br />
=== Guardian Environment ===<br />
<br />
=== Common Run-Time Environment (CRE) ===<br />
The CRE is a library that provides provides API, and ABI interoperability, between the C/C++, COBOL, and FORTRAN runtime environments, and can be accessed in both the Guardian, and OSS environments.<br />
<br />
=== Open System Services (OSS) Environment ===<br />
OSS is an optional subsystem, derived from OSF/1 source code (primarily several revisions of OSF/1 1.3, with some components from OSF/1 1.2), that implements a UNIX compatibility environment. <br />
<br />
Recent versions include header files, and utilities from LLVM, that have been modified, to also interoperate with the Guardian environment, and implement compatibility with DinkumWare ABIs, as well as a large amount of RogueWave's C Standard Library implementation.<br />
<br />
Some libraries were developed by Encore Computer Corporation, and others were imported from upstream BSD UNIX, and Carnegie-Mellon University's Mach implementation, via OSF/1.<br />
<br />
=== Development Environment ===<br />
TODO : Relationship with OSF/1, toolchains - COBOL/C/C++<br />
At least one version of the NonStop Development Environment, for Windows, which includes cross-compilers, for COBOL, and C/C++ has been found.<br />
<br />
== NonStop-UX ==<br />
NonStop-UX was a variant of UNIX, developed by Tandem, containing AT&T System V, and 4.3BSD components. Ports are known to exist, for MIPS-based systems.<br />
<br />
It doesn't seem to be directly derived from NonStop Kernel, and doesn't contain technology from OSF/1, in the base operating system. It does, however, have a port of OSF/Motif available, as an optional package.<br />
<br />
Like NonStop Kernel, it uses ELF, as its primary executable format, and <code>file</code> typically identifies executables as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB executable, MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /usr/lib/libc.so.1, stripped</code><br />
<br />
== Variants ==<br />
<br />
=== TNS/X ===<br />
Executables for the x86-64 variant are usually identified as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel), dynamically linked, with debug_info, not stripped)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These systems are unique, in that that NonStop Kernel always runs in a big endian mode, despite the underlying CPU being little endian.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/E ===<br />
Executables for the Itanium variant are usually described as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB IA-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These machines boot using EFI, and can boot from an El Torito-compliant ISO 9660 volume, such as the ''HPI Loader, and Halted States SVCS NS1000FWV1 Update 1 (542908-002)'' disc, that has been archived.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/R === <br />
Executables for the MIPS variant are usually described as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV))</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
* [https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220423134145/http://nonstoptools.com/manuals/OSS-Installation.pdf Open System Services Installation Guide]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1293NonStop2024-12-24T18:57:01Z<p>Vmlemon: Move section</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== Product Family ==<br />
NonStop is a range of fault-tolerant hardware platforms, and operating systems, developed by Tandem (later acquired by Compaq, absorbed into Hewlett-Packard, and then, further span into Hewlett Packard Enterprise). <br />
<br />
It comprises of multiple generations of systems, based on MIPS, Itanium, and x86 ISAs, and a combination of proprietary, and standard components, and firmware, supporting hot-swapping of hardware modules, and graceful degradation of them. <br />
<br />
== NonStop Kernel ==<br />
TODO : Guardian, OSS environments, file formats, big endian x86<br />
<br />
=== Guardian Environment ===<br />
=== Open System Services (OSS) Environment ===<br />
OSS is an optional subsystem, derived from OSF/1 source code (primarily several revisions of OSF/1 1.3, with some components from OSF/1 1.2), that implements a UNIX compatibility environment. <br />
<br />
Recent versions include header files, and utilities from LLVM, that have been modified, to also interoperate with the Guardian environment, and implement compatibility with DinkumWare ABIs, as well as a large amount of RogueWave's C Standard Library implementation.<br />
<br />
Some libraries were developed by Encore Computer Corporation, and others were imported from upstream BSD UNIX, and Carnegie-Mellon University's Mach implementation, via OSF/1.<br />
<br />
=== Development Environment ===<br />
TODO : Relationship with OSF/1, toolchains - COBOL/C/C++<br />
At least one version of the NonStop Development Environment, for Windows, which includes cross-compilers, for COBOL, and C/C++ has been found.<br />
<br />
== NonStop-UX ==<br />
NonStop-UX was a variant of UNIX, developed by Tandem, containing AT&T System V, and 4.3BSD components. Ports are known to exist, for MIPS-based systems.<br />
<br />
It doesn't seem to be directly derived from NonStop Kernel, and doesn't contain technology from OSF/1, in the base operating system. It does, however, have a port of OSF/Motif available, as an optional package.<br />
<br />
Like NonStop Kernel, it uses ELF, as its primary executable format, and <code>file</code> typically identifies executables as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB executable, MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /usr/lib/libc.so.1, stripped</code><br />
<br />
== Variants ==<br />
<br />
=== TNS/X ===<br />
Executables for the x86-64 variant are usually identified as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel), dynamically linked, with debug_info, not stripped)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These systems are unique, in that that NonStop Kernel always runs in a big endian mode, despite the underlying CPU being little endian.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/E ===<br />
Executables for the Itanium variant are usually described as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB IA-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These machines boot using EFI, and can boot from an El Torito-compliant ISO 9660 volume, such as the ''HPI Loader, and Halted States SVCS NS1000FWV1 Update 1 (542908-002)'' disc, that has been archived.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/R === <br />
Executables for the MIPS variant are usually described as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV))</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
* [https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220423134145/http://nonstoptools.com/manuals/OSS-Installation.pdf Open System Services Installation Guide]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1292NonStop2024-12-24T18:52:21Z<p>Vmlemon: Synopsis</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== Product Family ==<br />
NonStop is a range of fault-tolerant hardware platforms, and operating systems, developed by Tandem (later acquired by Compaq, absorbed into Hewlett-Packard, and then, further span into Hewlett Packard Enterprise). <br />
<br />
It comprises of multiple generations of systems, based on MIPS, Itanium, and x86 ISAs, and a combination of proprietary, and standard components, and firmware, supporting hot-swapping of hardware modules, and graceful degradation of them. <br />
<br />
== NonStop Kernel ==<br />
TODO : Guardian, OSS environments, file formats, big endian x86<br />
<br />
=== Guardian Environment ===<br />
=== Open System Services (OSS) Environment ===<br />
OSS is an optional subsystem, derived from OSF/1 source code (primarily several revisions of OSF/1 1.3, with some components from OSF/1 1.2), that implements a UNIX compatibility environment. <br />
<br />
Recent versions include header files, and utilities from LLVM, that have been modified, to also interoperate with the Guardian environment, and implement compatibility with DinkumWare ABIs, as well as a large amount of RogueWave's C Standard Library implementation.<br />
<br />
Some libraries were developed by Encore Computer Corporation, and others were imported from upstream BSD UNIX, and Carnegie-Mellon University's Mach implementation, via OSF/1.<br />
<br />
== NonStop-UX ==<br />
NonStop-UX was a variant of UNIX, developed by Tandem, containing AT&T System V, and 4.3BSD components. Ports are known to exist, for MIPS-based systems.<br />
<br />
It doesn't seem to be directly derived from NonStop Kernel, and doesn't contain technology from OSF/1, in the base operating system. It does, however, have a port of OSF/Motif available, as an optional package.<br />
<br />
Like NonStop Kernel, it uses ELF, as its primary executable format, and <code>file</code> typically identifies executables as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB executable, MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /usr/lib/libc.so.1, stripped</code><br />
<br />
== Development Environment ==<br />
TODO : Relationship with OSF/1, toolchains - COBOL/C/C++<br />
At least one version of the NonStop Development Environment, for Windows, which includes cross-compilers, for COBOL, and C/C++ has been found.<br />
<br />
== Variants ==<br />
<br />
=== TNS/X ===<br />
Executables for the x86-64 variant are usually identified as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel), dynamically linked, with debug_info, not stripped)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These systems are unique, in that that NonStop Kernel always runs in a big endian mode, despite the underlying CPU being little endian.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/E ===<br />
Executables for the Itanium variant are usually described as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB IA-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These machines boot using EFI, and can boot from an El Torito-compliant ISO 9660 volume, such as the ''HPI Loader, and Halted States SVCS NS1000FWV1 Update 1 (542908-002)'' disc, that has been archived.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/R === <br />
Executables for the MIPS variant are usually described as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV))</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
* [https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220423134145/http://nonstoptools.com/manuals/OSS-Installation.pdf Open System Services Installation Guide]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1291NonStop2024-12-24T18:45:48Z<p>Vmlemon: /* Open System Services (OSS) Environment */ Origins of code</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== NonStop Kernel ==<br />
TODO : Guardian, OSS environments, file formats, big endian x86<br />
<br />
=== Guardian Environment ===<br />
=== Open System Services (OSS) Environment ===<br />
OSS is an optional subsystem, derived from OSF/1 source code (primarily several revisions of OSF/1 1.3, with some components from OSF/1 1.2), that implements a UNIX compatibility environment. <br />
<br />
Recent versions include header files, and utilities from LLVM, that have been modified, to also interoperate with the Guardian environment, and implement compatibility with DinkumWare ABIs, as well as a large amount of RogueWave's C Standard Library implementation.<br />
<br />
Some libraries were developed by Encore Computer Corporation, and others were imported from upstream BSD UNIX, and Carnegie-Mellon University's Mach implementation, via OSF/1.<br />
<br />
== NonStop-UX ==<br />
NonStop-UX was a variant of UNIX, developed by Tandem, containing AT&T System V, and 4.3BSD components. Ports are known to exist, for MIPS-based systems.<br />
<br />
It doesn't seem to be directly derived from NonStop Kernel, and doesn't contain technology from OSF/1, in the base operating system. It does, however, have a port of OSF/Motif available, as an optional package.<br />
<br />
Like NonStop Kernel, it uses ELF, as its primary executable format, and <code>file</code> typically identifies executables as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB executable, MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /usr/lib/libc.so.1, stripped</code><br />
<br />
== Development Environment ==<br />
TODO : Relationship with OSF/1, toolchains - COBOL/C/C++<br />
At least one version of the NonStop Development Environment, for Windows, which includes cross-compilers, for COBOL, and C/C++ has been found.<br />
<br />
== Variants ==<br />
<br />
=== TNS/X ===<br />
Executables for the x86-64 variant are usually identified as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel), dynamically linked, with debug_info, not stripped)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These systems are unique, in that that NonStop Kernel always runs in a big endian mode, despite the underlying CPU being little endian.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/E ===<br />
Executables for the Itanium variant are usually described as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB IA-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These machines boot using EFI, and can boot from an El Torito-compliant ISO 9660 volume, such as the ''HPI Loader, and Halted States SVCS NS1000FWV1 Update 1 (542908-002)'' disc, that has been archived.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/R === <br />
Executables for the MIPS variant are usually described as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV))</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
* [https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220423134145/http://nonstoptools.com/manuals/OSS-Installation.pdf Open System Services Installation Guide]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1290NonStop2024-12-24T18:26:48Z<p>Vmlemon: Open System Services notes</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== NonStop Kernel ==<br />
TODO : Guardian, OSS environments, file formats, big endian x86<br />
<br />
=== Guardian Environment ===<br />
=== Open System Services (OSS) Environment ===<br />
<br />
== NonStop-UX ==<br />
NonStop-UX was a variant of UNIX, developed by Tandem, containing AT&T System V, and 4.3BSD components. Ports are known to exist, for MIPS-based systems.<br />
<br />
It doesn't seem to be directly derived from NonStop Kernel, and doesn't contain technology from OSF/1, in the base operating system. It does, however, have a port of OSF/Motif available, as an optional package.<br />
<br />
Like NonStop Kernel, it uses ELF, as its primary executable format, and <code>file</code> typically identifies executables as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB executable, MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /usr/lib/libc.so.1, stripped</code><br />
<br />
== Development Environment ==<br />
TODO : Relationship with OSF/1, toolchains - COBOL/C/C++<br />
At least one version of the NonStop Development Environment, for Windows, which includes cross-compilers, for COBOL, and C/C++ has been found.<br />
<br />
== Variants ==<br />
<br />
=== TNS/X ===<br />
Executables for the x86-64 variant are usually identified as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel), dynamically linked, with debug_info, not stripped)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These systems are unique, in that that NonStop Kernel always runs in a big endian mode, despite the underlying CPU being little endian.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/E ===<br />
Executables for the Itanium variant are usually described as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB IA-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These machines boot using EFI, and can boot from an El Torito-compliant ISO 9660 volume, such as the ''HPI Loader, and Halted States SVCS NS1000FWV1 Update 1 (542908-002)'' disc, that has been archived.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/R === <br />
Executables for the MIPS variant are usually described as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV))</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
* [https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220423134145/http://nonstoptools.com/manuals/OSS-Installation.pdf Open System Services Installation Guide]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1288NonStop2024-12-24T13:19:44Z<p>Vmlemon: /* Development Environment */ Toolchains</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== NonStop Kernel ==<br />
TODO : Guardian, OSS environments, file formats, big endian x86<br />
<br />
== NonStop-UX ==<br />
NonStop-UX was a variant of UNIX, developed by Tandem, containing AT&T System V, and 4.3BSD components. Ports are known to exist, for MIPS-based systems.<br />
<br />
It doesn't seem to be directly derived from NonStop Kernel, and doesn't contain technology from OSF/1, in the base operating system. It does, however, have a port of OSF/Motif available, as an optional package.<br />
<br />
Like NonStop Kernel, it uses ELF, as its primary executable format, and <code>file</code> typically identifies executables as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB executable, MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /usr/lib/libc.so.1, stripped</code><br />
<br />
== Development Environment ==<br />
TODO : Relationship with OSF/1, toolchains - COBOL/C/C++<br />
At least one version of the NonStop Development Environment, for Windows, which includes cross-compilers, for COBOL, and C/C++ has been found.<br />
<br />
== Variants ==<br />
<br />
=== TNS/X ===<br />
Executables for the x86-64 variant are usually identified as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel), dynamically linked, with debug_info, not stripped)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These systems are unique, in that that NonStop Kernel always runs in a big endian mode, despite the underlying CPU being little endian.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/E ===<br />
Executables for the Itanium variant are usually described as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB IA-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These machines boot using EFI, and can boot from an El Torito-compliant ISO 9660 volume, such as the ''HPI Loader, and Halted States SVCS NS1000FWV1 Update 1 (542908-002)'' disc, that has been archived.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/R === <br />
Executables for the MIPS variant are usually described as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV))</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
[https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1287NonStop2024-12-24T13:14:39Z<p>Vmlemon: NS-UX ELF binaries</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== NonStop Kernel ==<br />
TODO : Guardian, OSS environments, file formats, big endian x86<br />
<br />
== NonStop-UX ==<br />
NonStop-UX was a variant of UNIX, developed by Tandem, containing AT&T System V, and 4.3BSD components. Ports are known to exist, for MIPS-based systems.<br />
<br />
It doesn't seem to be directly derived from NonStop Kernel, and doesn't contain technology from OSF/1, in the base operating system. It does, however, have a port of OSF/Motif available, as an optional package.<br />
<br />
Like NonStop Kernel, it uses ELF, as its primary executable format, and <code>file</code> typically identifies executables as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB executable, MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /usr/lib/libc.so.1, stripped</code><br />
<br />
== Development Environment ==<br />
TODO : Relationship with OSF/1, toolchains - COBOL/C/C++<br />
<br />
== Variants ==<br />
<br />
=== TNS/X ===<br />
Executables for the x86-64 variant are usually identified as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel), dynamically linked, with debug_info, not stripped)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These systems are unique, in that that NonStop Kernel always runs in a big endian mode, despite the underlying CPU being little endian.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/E ===<br />
Executables for the Itanium variant are usually described as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB IA-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These machines boot using EFI, and can boot from an El Torito-compliant ISO 9660 volume, such as the ''HPI Loader, and Halted States SVCS NS1000FWV1 Update 1 (542908-002)'' disc, that has been archived.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/R === <br />
Executables for the MIPS variant are usually described as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV))</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
[https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1286NonStop2024-12-24T13:06:14Z<p>Vmlemon: /* NonStop/UX */ Relationship to NSK, and OSF/1</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== NonStop Kernel ==<br />
TODO : Guardian, OSS environments, file formats, big endian x86<br />
<br />
== NonStop-UX ==<br />
NonStop-UX was a variant of UNIX, developed by Tandem, containing AT&T System V, and 4.3BSD components. Ports are known to exist, for MIPS-based systems.<br />
<br />
It doesn't seem to be directly derived from NonStop Kernel, and doesn't contain technology from OSF/1, in the base operating system. It does, however, have a port of OSF/Motif available, as an optional package.<br />
<br />
== Development Environment ==<br />
TODO : Relationship with OSF/1, toolchains - COBOL/C/C++<br />
<br />
== Variants ==<br />
<br />
=== TNS/X ===<br />
Executables for the x86-64 variant are usually identified as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel), dynamically linked, with debug_info, not stripped)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These systems are unique, in that that NonStop Kernel always runs in a big endian mode, despite the underlying CPU being little endian.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/E ===<br />
Executables for the Itanium variant are usually described as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB IA-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These machines boot using EFI, and can boot from an El Torito-compliant ISO 9660 volume, such as the ''HPI Loader, and Halted States SVCS NS1000FWV1 Update 1 (542908-002)'' disc, that has been archived.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/R === <br />
Executables for the MIPS variant are usually described as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV))</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
[https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1285NonStop2024-12-24T12:45:47Z<p>Vmlemon: /* TNS/R */ MIPS executables</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== NonStop Kernel ==<br />
TODO : Guardian, OSS environments, file formats, big endian x86<br />
<br />
== NonStop/UX ==<br />
<br />
== Development Environment ==<br />
TODO : Relationship with OSF/1, toolchains - COBOL/C/C++<br />
<br />
== Variants ==<br />
<br />
=== TNS/X ===<br />
Executables for the x86-64 variant are usually identified as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel), dynamically linked, with debug_info, not stripped)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These systems are unique, in that that NonStop Kernel always runs in a big endian mode, despite the underlying CPU being little endian.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/E ===<br />
Executables for the Itanium variant are usually described as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB IA-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These machines boot using EFI, and can boot from an El Torito-compliant ISO 9660 volume, such as the ''HPI Loader, and Halted States SVCS NS1000FWV1 Update 1 (542908-002)'' disc, that has been archived.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/R === <br />
Executables for the MIPS variant are usually described as <code>ELF 32-bit MSB MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV))</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
[https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1284NonStop2024-12-24T12:44:49Z<p>Vmlemon: /* TNS/X */ Endianness notes</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== NonStop Kernel ==<br />
TODO : Guardian, OSS environments, file formats, big endian x86<br />
<br />
== NonStop/UX ==<br />
<br />
== Development Environment ==<br />
TODO : Relationship with OSF/1, toolchains - COBOL/C/C++<br />
<br />
== Variants ==<br />
<br />
=== TNS/X ===<br />
Executables for the x86-64 variant are usually identified as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel), dynamically linked, with debug_info, not stripped)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These systems are unique, in that that NonStop Kernel always runs in a big endian mode, despite the underlying CPU being little endian.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/E ===<br />
Executables for the Itanium variant are usually described as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB IA-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These machines boot using EFI, and can boot from an El Torito-compliant ISO 9660 volume, such as the ''HPI Loader, and Halted States SVCS NS1000FWV1 Update 1 (542908-002)'' disc, that has been archived.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/R === <br />
(ELF 32-bit MSB MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV))<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
[https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1283NonStop2024-12-24T12:42:56Z<p>Vmlemon: /* TNS/E */ Booting, and executables notes</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== NonStop Kernel ==<br />
TODO : Guardian, OSS environments, file formats, big endian x86<br />
<br />
== NonStop/UX ==<br />
<br />
== Development Environment ==<br />
TODO : Relationship with OSF/1, toolchains - COBOL/C/C++<br />
<br />
== Variants ==<br />
<br />
=== TNS/X ===<br />
(ELF 64-bit MSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel), dynamically linked, with debug_info, not stripped)<br />
<br />
=== TNS/E ===<br />
Executables for the Itanium variant are usually described as <code>ELF 64-bit MSB IA-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel)</code>, by the <code>file</code> utility.<br />
<br />
These machines boot using EFI, and can boot from an El Torito-compliant ISO 9660 volume, such as the ''HPI Loader, and Halted States SVCS NS1000FWV1 Update 1 (542908-002)'' disc, that has been archived.<br />
<br />
=== TNS/R === <br />
(ELF 32-bit MSB MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV))<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
[https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1282NonStop2024-12-24T12:34:20Z<p>Vmlemon: Headings for variants</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== NonStop Kernel ==<br />
TODO : Guardian, OSS environments, file formats, big endian x86<br />
<br />
== NonStop/UX ==<br />
<br />
== Development Environment ==<br />
TODO : Relationship with OSF/1, toolchains - COBOL/C/C++<br />
<br />
== Variants ==<br />
<br />
=== TNS/X ===<br />
(ELF 64-bit MSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel), dynamically linked, with debug_info, not stripped)<br />
<br />
=== TNS/E ===<br />
(ELF 64-bit MSB IA-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel))<br />
<br />
=== TNS/R === <br />
(ELF 32-bit MSB MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV))<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
[https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1281NonStop2024-12-24T12:32:31Z<p>Vmlemon: x86 notes</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== NonStop Kernel ==<br />
TODO : Guardian, OSS environments, file formats, big endian x86<br />
<br />
== NonStop/UX ==<br />
<br />
== Development Environment ==<br />
TODO : Relationship with OSF/1, toolchains - COBOL/C/C++<br />
<br />
== Variants ==<br />
TODO : Differences between TNS/X ( ELF 64-bit MSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel), dynamically linked, with debug_info, not stripped), TNS/E (ELF 64-bit MSB IA-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel)), TNS/R (ELF 32-bit MSB MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV))<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
[https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1280NonStop2024-12-24T12:30:56Z<p>Vmlemon: Notes on Itanium/MIPS</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== NonStop Kernel ==<br />
TODO : Guardian, OSS environments, file formats, big endian x86<br />
<br />
== NonStop/UX ==<br />
<br />
== Development Environment ==<br />
TODO : Relationship with OSF/1, toolchains - COBOL/C/C++<br />
<br />
== Variants ==<br />
TODO : Differences between TNS/X, TNS/E (ELF 64-bit MSB IA-64, version 1 (HP NonStop Kernel)), TNS/R (ELF 32-bit MSB MIPS, MIPS-I version 1 (SYSV))<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
[https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1279NonStop2024-12-24T12:26:46Z<p>Vmlemon: Toolchain notes</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== NonStop Kernel ==<br />
TODO : Guardian, OSS environments, file formats, big endian x86<br />
<br />
== NonStop/UX ==<br />
<br />
== Development Environment ==<br />
TODO : Relationship with OSF/1, toolchains - COBOL/C/C++<br />
<br />
== Variants ==<br />
TODO : Differences between TNS/X, TNS/E, TNS/R<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
[https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1278NonStop2024-12-24T12:23:56Z<p>Vmlemon: More notes</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== NonStop Kernel ==<br />
TODO : Guardian, OSS environments, file formats, big endian x86<br />
<br />
== NonStop/UX ==<br />
<br />
== Development Environment ==<br />
TODO : Relationship with OSF/1<br />
<br />
== Variants ==<br />
TODO : Differences between TNS/X, TNS/E, TNS/R<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
[https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1277NonStop2024-12-24T12:20:06Z<p>Vmlemon: OSS Ports</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
[https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ITUGLIB Open Source Software Ports]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=NonStop&diff=1276NonStop2024-12-24T12:16:15Z<p>Vmlemon: Create a stub page, about Tandem/Compaq/HP(E) NonStop, for later</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Useful_Tools&diff=1271Useful Tools2024-12-20T20:56:33Z<p>Vmlemon: BeFS FUSE driver</p>
<hr />
<div>== File System Manipulation ==<br />
* [https://github.com/aaru-dps/Aaru Aaru] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of disk image, partition table, and file system formats, and is built with the Microsoft .NET Framework - builds exist, for several operating systems.<br />
* [https://linux.die.net/man/8/kpartx kpartx] is a fairly standard command to automatically create loop devices for whole disk images (assuming regular partition table types Linux can understand).<br />
* [https://osxfuse.github.io/ macFUSE] allows you to use FUSE filesystems on macOS.<br />
* [https://www.vms2linux.de/ods5fs.html OpenVMS ODS-5 file system for Linux] is a kernel module, in source form. A TinyCore Linux VM, with it pre-installed is also available.<br />
<br />
== FUSE File Systems ==<br />
* [https://llg.cubic.org/tools/cbmfs/ CBMFS] supports various disk image formats (d64, d71, d81, d80, and d82), from 8-bit Commodore systems<br />
* [https://github.com/pcrow/atari_8bit_utils Atari 8-bit Utils] contains ATRFS, which supports Atari DOS 1, Atari DOS 2.0s, Atari DOS 2.5, MyDOS 4.53, SpartaDOS, Atari DOS 3 (read-only), Atari DOS 4 published by Antic (read-only), and LiteDOS volumes, in ATR disk image files.<br />
* [https://gitlab.com/t-m/fuseadf FUSEADF] supports AmigaOS disk images, and requires ADFLib, to compile.<br />
* [https://github.com/realchonk/fuse-ufs FUSE-UFS] supports FreeBSD UFSv2 volumes.<br />
* [https://github.com/0x09/hfsfuse HFS-FUSE] supports Apple HFS+ volumes, including resource forks, and extended attributes.<br />
* [https://www.adsb.co.uk/bbc/linux/ Acorn ADFS, and DFS] implementations, written in Perl. Requires the "Fuse" CPAN module to be installed, to build.<br />
* [https://github.com/jaylogue/retro-fuse RetroFUSE] supports 5th/6th/7th Edition Research UNIX, 2.9BSD, and 2.11BSD file systems<br />
* [https://github.com/FranciscoDA/ps2mcfs PlayStation 2 Memory Card File System] implementation, in FUSE<br />
* [https://github.com/mxmlnkn/ratarmount ratarmount] is a FUSE file system, that can mount various archive formats, and allow random access to files, stored within them<br />
* [https://launchpad.net/~idefix/+archive/ubuntu/befs-support befs-support] is a FUSE driver, for the BeOS/Haiku BFS file system (last release is for Ubuntu "Zesty", but can be installed on later versions)<br />
<br />
== Archive Manipulation == <br />
* [https://www.7-zip.org/ 7-Zip] supports the Windows Imaging format (<code>.WIM</code>) disk images, with LZX compression, as used by Windows 8.1.<br />
* [https://github.com/MacPaw/XADMaster XADMaster] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of compression, and archival formats, and can also expand some disk image formats - this seems to be the basis of the "unar" utility, provided for Ubuntu, and some other Linux distributions.<br />
* [https://github.com/twogood/unshield unshield] is a CLI tool, for unpacking various flavours of InstallShield archive.<br />
* [https://www.anerty.net/software/file/jSAVF/?lang=en jSAVF] is a Java-based application, for accessing IBM i (AKA OS/400) save files, under Windows, and Linux<br />
<br />
== Firmware Image Extraction ==<br />
* The [http://marksmods.com/Hack-the-L7/zip/random.zip RandomSHX] utility, for Windows will extract the contents of some Motorola P2K (e.g. A835) "UNIX Generated SuperFile" firmware archives - this requires Windows, and does not work with UNC paths.<br />
* The <code>srecord</code> package, under Ubuntu contains a utility, that can convert Motorola S-Record files, into plain binaries: (for example <code>srec_cat C139_V1.0.03.E.m0 -Output C139_V1.0.03.E.bin -Binary</code>).<br />
<br />
* BinWalk is extremely useful, for extracting files, and resources out of firmware images, executables, and file system structures.<br />
<br />
== Binary reverse engineering ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.dependencywalker.com/ Dependency Walker] for understanding Windows program dependencies and what's used by the program, helpful for software archaeology.<br />
* [https://ghidra-sre.org/ Ghidra] is an open-source set of RE tools, including a set of decompilers and disassemblers for most binary formats.<br />
<br />
== Development tools ==<br />
* [https://github.com/davidgiven/ack The Amsterdam Compiler Kit] is one of the few (mostly) C99 compilers around that can still target a PDP-11 Unix v7 target.<br />
* [https://github.com/JuliaHubOSS/llvm-cbe llvm-cbe] is the C backend for LLVM -- it can convert LLVM bytecode into C (useful for compiling modern C++ targeting systems that don't have a functional modern C++ compiler, for example).<br />
* [https://www.ibiblio.org/pub/micro/pc-stuff/freedos/gnuish/gnuish_t.htm GNUish Project] is a port of UNIX standard utilities for DOS with family mode support (useful for replacing equivalent utilities that cannot be ran under OS/2).<br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Useful_Tools&diff=1260Useful Tools2024-10-31T21:23:51Z<p>Vmlemon: /* FUSE File Systems */ ratarmount</p>
<hr />
<div>== File System Manipulation ==<br />
* [https://github.com/aaru-dps/Aaru Aaru] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of disk image, partition table, and file system formats, and is built with the Microsoft .NET Framework - builds exist, for several operating systems.<br />
* [https://linux.die.net/man/8/kpartx kpartx] is a fairly standard command to automatically create loop devices for whole disk images (assuming regular partition table types Linux can understand).<br />
* [https://osxfuse.github.io/ macFUSE] allows you to use FUSE filesystems on macOS.<br />
* [https://www.vms2linux.de/ods5fs.html OpenVMS ODS-5 file system for Linux] is a kernel module, in source form. A TinyCore Linux VM, with it pre-installed is also available.<br />
<br />
== FUSE File Systems ==<br />
* [https://llg.cubic.org/tools/cbmfs/ CBMFS] supports various disk image formats (d64, d71, d81, d80, and d82), from 8-bit Commodore systems<br />
* [https://github.com/pcrow/atari_8bit_utils Atari 8-bit Utils] contains ATRFS, which supports Atari DOS 1, Atari DOS 2.0s, Atari DOS 2.5, MyDOS 4.53, SpartaDOS, Atari DOS 3 (read-only), Atari DOS 4 published by Antic (read-only), and LiteDOS volumes, in ATR disk image files.<br />
* [https://gitlab.com/t-m/fuseadf FUSEADF] supports AmigaOS disk images, and requires ADFLib, to compile.<br />
* [https://github.com/realchonk/fuse-ufs FUSE-UFS] supports FreeBSD UFSv2 volumes.<br />
* [https://github.com/0x09/hfsfuse HFS-FUSE] supports Apple HFS+ volumes, including resource forks, and extended attributes.<br />
* [https://www.adsb.co.uk/bbc/linux/ Acorn ADFS, and DFS] implementations, written in Perl. Requires the "Fuse" CPAN module to be installed, to build.<br />
* [https://github.com/jaylogue/retro-fuse RetroFUSE] supports 5th/6th/7th Edition Research UNIX, 2.9BSD, and 2.11BSD file systems<br />
* [https://github.com/FranciscoDA/ps2mcfs PlayStation 2 Memory Card File System] implementation, in FUSE<br />
* [https://github.com/mxmlnkn/ratarmount ratarmount] is a FUSE file system, that can mount various archive formats, and allow random access to files, stored within them<br />
<br />
== Archive Manipulation == <br />
* [https://www.7-zip.org/ 7-Zip] supports the Windows Imaging format (<code>.WIM</code>) disk images, with LZX compression, as used by Windows 8.1.<br />
* [https://github.com/MacPaw/XADMaster XADMaster] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of compression, and archival formats, and can also expand some disk image formats - this seems to be the basis of the "unar" utility, provided for Ubuntu, and some other Linux distributions.<br />
* [https://github.com/twogood/unshield unshield] is a CLI tool, for unpacking various flavours of InstallShield archive.<br />
* [https://www.anerty.net/software/file/jSAVF/?lang=en jSAVF] is a Java-based application, for accessing IBM i (AKA OS/400) save files, under Windows, and Linux<br />
<br />
== Firmware Image Extraction ==<br />
* The [http://marksmods.com/Hack-the-L7/zip/random.zip RandomSHX] utility, for Windows will extract the contents of some Motorola P2K (e.g. A835) "UNIX Generated SuperFile" firmware archives - this requires Windows, and does not work with UNC paths.<br />
* The <code>srecord</code> package, under Ubuntu contains a utility, that can convert Motorola S-Record files, into plain binaries: (for example <code>srec_cat C139_V1.0.03.E.m0 -Output C139_V1.0.03.E.bin -Binary</code>).<br />
<br />
* BinWalk is extremely useful, for extracting files, and resources out of firmware images, executables, and file system structures.<br />
<br />
== Binary reverse engineering ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.dependencywalker.com/ Dependency Walker] for understanding Windows program dependencies and what's used by the program, helpful for software archaeology.<br />
* [https://ghidra-sre.org/ Ghidra] is an open-source set of RE tools, including a set of decompilers and disassemblers for most binary formats.<br />
<br />
== Development tools ==<br />
* [https://github.com/davidgiven/ack The Amsterdam Compiler Kit] is one of the few (mostly) C99 compilers around that can still target a PDP-11 Unix v7 target.<br />
* [https://github.com/JuliaHubOSS/llvm-cbe llvm-cbe] is the C backend for LLVM -- it can convert LLVM bytecode into C (useful for compiling modern C++ targeting systems that don't have a functional modern C++ compiler, for example).<br />
* [https://www.ibiblio.org/pub/micro/pc-stuff/freedos/gnuish/gnuish_t.htm GNUish Project] is a port of UNIX standard utilities for DOS with family mode support (useful for replacing equivalent utilities that cannot be ran under OS/2).<br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Useful_Tools&diff=1259Useful Tools2024-10-31T18:55:13Z<p>Vmlemon: PS2 Memory Cards</p>
<hr />
<div>== File System Manipulation ==<br />
* [https://github.com/aaru-dps/Aaru Aaru] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of disk image, partition table, and file system formats, and is built with the Microsoft .NET Framework - builds exist, for several operating systems.<br />
* [https://linux.die.net/man/8/kpartx kpartx] is a fairly standard command to automatically create loop devices for whole disk images (assuming regular partition table types Linux can understand).<br />
* [https://osxfuse.github.io/ macFUSE] allows you to use FUSE filesystems on macOS.<br />
* [https://www.vms2linux.de/ods5fs.html OpenVMS ODS-5 file system for Linux] is a kernel module, in source form. A TinyCore Linux VM, with it pre-installed is also available.<br />
<br />
== FUSE File Systems ==<br />
* [https://llg.cubic.org/tools/cbmfs/ CBMFS] supports various disk image formats (d64, d71, d81, d80, and d82), from 8-bit Commodore systems<br />
* [https://github.com/pcrow/atari_8bit_utils Atari 8-bit Utils] contains ATRFS, which supports Atari DOS 1, Atari DOS 2.0s, Atari DOS 2.5, MyDOS 4.53, SpartaDOS, Atari DOS 3 (read-only), Atari DOS 4 published by Antic (read-only), and LiteDOS volumes, in ATR disk image files.<br />
* [https://gitlab.com/t-m/fuseadf FUSEADF] supports AmigaOS disk images, and requires ADFLib, to compile.<br />
* [https://github.com/realchonk/fuse-ufs FUSE-UFS] supports FreeBSD UFSv2 volumes.<br />
* [https://github.com/0x09/hfsfuse HFS-FUSE] supports Apple HFS+ volumes, including resource forks, and extended attributes.<br />
* [https://www.adsb.co.uk/bbc/linux/ Acorn ADFS, and DFS] implementations, written in Perl. Requires the "Fuse" CPAN module to be installed, to build.<br />
* [https://github.com/jaylogue/retro-fuse RetroFUSE] supports 5th/6th/7th Edition Research UNIX, 2.9BSD, and 2.11BSD file systems<br />
* [https://github.com/FranciscoDA/ps2mcfs PlayStation 2 Memory Card File System] implementation, in FUSE<br />
<br />
== Archive Manipulation == <br />
* [https://www.7-zip.org/ 7-Zip] supports the Windows Imaging format (<code>.WIM</code>) disk images, with LZX compression, as used by Windows 8.1.<br />
* [https://github.com/MacPaw/XADMaster XADMaster] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of compression, and archival formats, and can also expand some disk image formats - this seems to be the basis of the "unar" utility, provided for Ubuntu, and some other Linux distributions.<br />
* [https://github.com/twogood/unshield unshield] is a CLI tool, for unpacking various flavours of InstallShield archive.<br />
* [https://www.anerty.net/software/file/jSAVF/?lang=en jSAVF] is a Java-based application, for accessing IBM i (AKA OS/400) save files, under Windows, and Linux<br />
<br />
== Firmware Image Extraction ==<br />
* The [http://marksmods.com/Hack-the-L7/zip/random.zip RandomSHX] utility, for Windows will extract the contents of some Motorola P2K (e.g. A835) "UNIX Generated SuperFile" firmware archives - this requires Windows, and does not work with UNC paths.<br />
* The <code>srecord</code> package, under Ubuntu contains a utility, that can convert Motorola S-Record files, into plain binaries: (for example <code>srec_cat C139_V1.0.03.E.m0 -Output C139_V1.0.03.E.bin -Binary</code>).<br />
<br />
* BinWalk is extremely useful, for extracting files, and resources out of firmware images, executables, and file system structures.<br />
<br />
== Binary reverse engineering ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.dependencywalker.com/ Dependency Walker] for understanding Windows program dependencies and what's used by the program, helpful for software archaeology.<br />
* [https://ghidra-sre.org/ Ghidra] is an open-source set of RE tools, including a set of decompilers and disassemblers for most binary formats.<br />
<br />
== Development tools ==<br />
* [https://github.com/davidgiven/ack The Amsterdam Compiler Kit] is one of the few (mostly) C99 compilers around that can still target a PDP-11 Unix v7 target.<br />
* [https://github.com/JuliaHubOSS/llvm-cbe llvm-cbe] is the C backend for LLVM -- it can convert LLVM bytecode into C (useful for compiling modern C++ targeting systems that don't have a functional modern C++ compiler, for example).<br />
* [https://www.ibiblio.org/pub/micro/pc-stuff/freedos/gnuish/gnuish_t.htm GNUish Project] is a port of UNIX standard utilities for DOS with family mode support (useful for replacing equivalent utilities that cannot be ran under OS/2).<br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Useful_Tools&diff=1258Useful Tools2024-10-31T18:04:44Z<p>Vmlemon: /* FUSE File Systems */ RetroFUSE</p>
<hr />
<div>== File System Manipulation ==<br />
* [https://github.com/aaru-dps/Aaru Aaru] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of disk image, partition table, and file system formats, and is built with the Microsoft .NET Framework - builds exist, for several operating systems.<br />
* [https://linux.die.net/man/8/kpartx kpartx] is a fairly standard command to automatically create loop devices for whole disk images (assuming regular partition table types Linux can understand).<br />
* [https://osxfuse.github.io/ macFUSE] allows you to use FUSE filesystems on macOS.<br />
* [https://www.vms2linux.de/ods5fs.html OpenVMS ODS-5 file system for Linux] is a kernel module, in source form. A TinyCore Linux VM, with it pre-installed is also available.<br />
<br />
== FUSE File Systems ==<br />
* [https://llg.cubic.org/tools/cbmfs/ CBMFS] supports various disk image formats (d64, d71, d81, d80, and d82), from 8-bit Commodore systems<br />
* [https://github.com/pcrow/atari_8bit_utils Atari 8-bit Utils] contains ATRFS, which supports Atari DOS 1, Atari DOS 2.0s, Atari DOS 2.5, MyDOS 4.53, SpartaDOS, Atari DOS 3 (read-only), Atari DOS 4 published by Antic (read-only), and LiteDOS volumes, in ATR disk image files.<br />
* [https://gitlab.com/t-m/fuseadf FUSEADF] supports AmigaOS disk images, and requires ADFLib, to compile.<br />
* [https://github.com/realchonk/fuse-ufs FUSE-UFS] supports FreeBSD UFSv2 volumes.<br />
* [https://github.com/0x09/hfsfuse HFS-FUSE] supports Apple HFS+ volumes, including resource forks, and extended attributes.<br />
* [https://www.adsb.co.uk/bbc/linux/ Acorn ADFS, and DFS] implementations, written in Perl. Requires the "Fuse" CPAN module to be installed, to build.<br />
* [https://github.com/jaylogue/retro-fuse RetroFUSE] supports 5th/6th/7th Edition Research UNIX, 2.9BSD, and 2.11BSD file systems<br />
<br />
== Archive Manipulation == <br />
* [https://www.7-zip.org/ 7-Zip] supports the Windows Imaging format (<code>.WIM</code>) disk images, with LZX compression, as used by Windows 8.1.<br />
* [https://github.com/MacPaw/XADMaster XADMaster] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of compression, and archival formats, and can also expand some disk image formats - this seems to be the basis of the "unar" utility, provided for Ubuntu, and some other Linux distributions.<br />
* [https://github.com/twogood/unshield unshield] is a CLI tool, for unpacking various flavours of InstallShield archive.<br />
* [https://www.anerty.net/software/file/jSAVF/?lang=en jSAVF] is a Java-based application, for accessing IBM i (AKA OS/400) save files, under Windows, and Linux<br />
<br />
== Firmware Image Extraction ==<br />
* The [http://marksmods.com/Hack-the-L7/zip/random.zip RandomSHX] utility, for Windows will extract the contents of some Motorola P2K (e.g. A835) "UNIX Generated SuperFile" firmware archives - this requires Windows, and does not work with UNC paths.<br />
* The <code>srecord</code> package, under Ubuntu contains a utility, that can convert Motorola S-Record files, into plain binaries: (for example <code>srec_cat C139_V1.0.03.E.m0 -Output C139_V1.0.03.E.bin -Binary</code>).<br />
<br />
* BinWalk is extremely useful, for extracting files, and resources out of firmware images, executables, and file system structures.<br />
<br />
== Binary reverse engineering ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.dependencywalker.com/ Dependency Walker] for understanding Windows program dependencies and what's used by the program, helpful for software archaeology.<br />
* [https://ghidra-sre.org/ Ghidra] is an open-source set of RE tools, including a set of decompilers and disassemblers for most binary formats.<br />
<br />
== Development tools ==<br />
* [https://github.com/davidgiven/ack The Amsterdam Compiler Kit] is one of the few (mostly) C99 compilers around that can still target a PDP-11 Unix v7 target.<br />
* [https://github.com/JuliaHubOSS/llvm-cbe llvm-cbe] is the C backend for LLVM -- it can convert LLVM bytecode into C (useful for compiling modern C++ targeting systems that don't have a functional modern C++ compiler, for example).<br />
* [https://www.ibiblio.org/pub/micro/pc-stuff/freedos/gnuish/gnuish_t.htm GNUish Project] is a port of UNIX standard utilities for DOS with family mode support (useful for replacing equivalent utilities that cannot be ran under OS/2).<br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Useful_Tools&diff=1257Useful Tools2024-10-31T17:52:35Z<p>Vmlemon: Acorn/BBC FUSE things</p>
<hr />
<div>== File System Manipulation ==<br />
* [https://github.com/aaru-dps/Aaru Aaru] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of disk image, partition table, and file system formats, and is built with the Microsoft .NET Framework - builds exist, for several operating systems.<br />
* [https://linux.die.net/man/8/kpartx kpartx] is a fairly standard command to automatically create loop devices for whole disk images (assuming regular partition table types Linux can understand).<br />
* [https://osxfuse.github.io/ macFUSE] allows you to use FUSE filesystems on macOS.<br />
* [https://www.vms2linux.de/ods5fs.html OpenVMS ODS-5 file system for Linux] is a kernel module, in source form. A TinyCore Linux VM, with it pre-installed is also available.<br />
<br />
== FUSE File Systems ==<br />
* [https://llg.cubic.org/tools/cbmfs/ CBMFS] supports various disk image formats (d64, d71, d81, d80, and d82), from 8-bit Commodore systems<br />
* [https://github.com/pcrow/atari_8bit_utils Atari 8-bit Utils] contains ATRFS, which supports Atari DOS 1, Atari DOS 2.0s, Atari DOS 2.5, MyDOS 4.53, SpartaDOS, Atari DOS 3 (read-only), Atari DOS 4 published by Antic (read-only), and LiteDOS volumes, in ATR disk image files.<br />
* [https://gitlab.com/t-m/fuseadf FUSEADF] supports AmigaOS disk images, and requires ADFLib, to compile.<br />
* [https://github.com/realchonk/fuse-ufs FUSE-UFS] supports FreeBSD UFSv2 volumes.<br />
* [https://github.com/0x09/hfsfuse HFS-FUSE] supports Apple HFS+ volumes, including resource forks, and extended attributes.<br />
* [https://www.adsb.co.uk/bbc/linux/ Acorn ADFS, and DFS] implementations, written in Perl. Requires the "Fuse" CPAN module to be installed, to build.<br />
<br />
== Archive Manipulation == <br />
* [https://www.7-zip.org/ 7-Zip] supports the Windows Imaging format (<code>.WIM</code>) disk images, with LZX compression, as used by Windows 8.1.<br />
* [https://github.com/MacPaw/XADMaster XADMaster] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of compression, and archival formats, and can also expand some disk image formats - this seems to be the basis of the "unar" utility, provided for Ubuntu, and some other Linux distributions.<br />
* [https://github.com/twogood/unshield unshield] is a CLI tool, for unpacking various flavours of InstallShield archive.<br />
* [https://www.anerty.net/software/file/jSAVF/?lang=en jSAVF] is a Java-based application, for accessing IBM i (AKA OS/400) save files, under Windows, and Linux<br />
<br />
== Firmware Image Extraction ==<br />
* The [http://marksmods.com/Hack-the-L7/zip/random.zip RandomSHX] utility, for Windows will extract the contents of some Motorola P2K (e.g. A835) "UNIX Generated SuperFile" firmware archives - this requires Windows, and does not work with UNC paths.<br />
* The <code>srecord</code> package, under Ubuntu contains a utility, that can convert Motorola S-Record files, into plain binaries: (for example <code>srec_cat C139_V1.0.03.E.m0 -Output C139_V1.0.03.E.bin -Binary</code>).<br />
<br />
* BinWalk is extremely useful, for extracting files, and resources out of firmware images, executables, and file system structures.<br />
<br />
== Binary reverse engineering ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.dependencywalker.com/ Dependency Walker] for understanding Windows program dependencies and what's used by the program, helpful for software archaeology.<br />
* [https://ghidra-sre.org/ Ghidra] is an open-source set of RE tools, including a set of decompilers and disassemblers for most binary formats.<br />
<br />
== Development tools ==<br />
* [https://github.com/davidgiven/ack The Amsterdam Compiler Kit] is one of the few (mostly) C99 compilers around that can still target a PDP-11 Unix v7 target.<br />
* [https://github.com/JuliaHubOSS/llvm-cbe llvm-cbe] is the C backend for LLVM -- it can convert LLVM bytecode into C (useful for compiling modern C++ targeting systems that don't have a functional modern C++ compiler, for example).<br />
* [https://www.ibiblio.org/pub/micro/pc-stuff/freedos/gnuish/gnuish_t.htm GNUish Project] is a port of UNIX standard utilities for DOS with family mode support (useful for replacing equivalent utilities that cannot be ran under OS/2).<br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Useful_Tools&diff=1256Useful Tools2024-10-31T17:49:11Z<p>Vmlemon: Link to a bunch of handy FUSE modules, and tools, for accessing retro file systems, on modern OSes</p>
<hr />
<div>== File System Manipulation ==<br />
* [https://github.com/aaru-dps/Aaru Aaru] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of disk image, partition table, and file system formats, and is built with the Microsoft .NET Framework - builds exist, for several operating systems.<br />
* [https://linux.die.net/man/8/kpartx kpartx] is a fairly standard command to automatically create loop devices for whole disk images (assuming regular partition table types Linux can understand).<br />
* [https://osxfuse.github.io/ macFUSE] allows you to use FUSE filesystems on macOS.<br />
* [https://www.vms2linux.de/ods5fs.html OpenVMS ODS-5 file system for Linux] is a kernel module, in source form. A TinyCore Linux VM, with it pre-installed is also available.<br />
<br />
== FUSE File Systems ==<br />
* [https://llg.cubic.org/tools/cbmfs/ CBMFS] supports various disk image formats (d64, d71, d81, d80, and d82), from 8-bit Commodore systems<br />
* [https://github.com/pcrow/atari_8bit_utils Atari 8-bit Utils] contains ATRFS, which supports Atari DOS 1, Atari DOS 2.0s, Atari DOS 2.5, MyDOS 4.53, SpartaDOS, Atari DOS 3 (read-only), Atari DOS 4 published by Antic (read-only), and LiteDOS volumes, in ATR disk image files<br />
* [https://gitlab.com/t-m/fuseadf FUSEADF] supports AmigaOS disk images, and requires ADFLib, to compile<br />
* [https://github.com/realchonk/fuse-ufs FUSE-UFS) supports FreeBSD UFSv2 volumes<br />
* [https://github.com/0x09/hfsfuse HFS-FUSE] supports Apple HFS+ volumes, including resource forks, and extended attributes<br />
<br />
== Archive Manipulation == <br />
* [https://www.7-zip.org/ 7-Zip] supports the Windows Imaging format (<code>.WIM</code>) disk images, with LZX compression, as used by Windows 8.1.<br />
* [https://github.com/MacPaw/XADMaster XADMaster] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of compression, and archival formats, and can also expand some disk image formats - this seems to be the basis of the "unar" utility, provided for Ubuntu, and some other Linux distributions.<br />
* [https://github.com/twogood/unshield unshield] is a CLI tool, for unpacking various flavours of InstallShield archive.<br />
* [https://www.anerty.net/software/file/jSAVF/?lang=en jSAVF] is a Java-based application, for accessing IBM i (AKA OS/400) save files, under Windows, and Linux<br />
<br />
== Firmware Image Extraction ==<br />
* The [http://marksmods.com/Hack-the-L7/zip/random.zip RandomSHX] utility, for Windows will extract the contents of some Motorola P2K (e.g. A835) "UNIX Generated SuperFile" firmware archives - this requires Windows, and does not work with UNC paths.<br />
* The <code>srecord</code> package, under Ubuntu contains a utility, that can convert Motorola S-Record files, into plain binaries: (for example <code>srec_cat C139_V1.0.03.E.m0 -Output C139_V1.0.03.E.bin -Binary</code>).<br />
<br />
* BinWalk is extremely useful, for extracting files, and resources out of firmware images, executables, and file system structures.<br />
<br />
== Binary reverse engineering ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.dependencywalker.com/ Dependency Walker] for understanding Windows program dependencies and what's used by the program, helpful for software archaeology.<br />
* [https://ghidra-sre.org/ Ghidra] is an open-source set of RE tools, including a set of decompilers and disassemblers for most binary formats.<br />
<br />
== Development tools ==<br />
* [https://github.com/davidgiven/ack The Amsterdam Compiler Kit] is one of the few (mostly) C99 compilers around that can still target a PDP-11 Unix v7 target.<br />
* [https://github.com/JuliaHubOSS/llvm-cbe llvm-cbe] is the C backend for LLVM -- it can convert LLVM bytecode into C (useful for compiling modern C++ targeting systems that don't have a functional modern C++ compiler, for example).<br />
* [https://www.ibiblio.org/pub/micro/pc-stuff/freedos/gnuish/gnuish_t.htm GNUish Project] is a port of UNIX standard utilities for DOS with family mode support (useful for replacing equivalent utilities that cannot be ran under OS/2).<br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Taligent&diff=1043Taligent2023-02-12T12:53:33Z<p>Vmlemon: /* Additional References */ Big Pink documents, for reference</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
Taligent was an American corporation, initially founded as a joint venture, between Apple Computer, Inc., and IBM Corporation, in March 1992, with Hewlett-Packard (HP) later becoming involved, in 1994. <br />
<br />
The founding intention was take advanced, object-oriented software technology, developed as part of Apple's ill-fated "Pink" team, that was ostensibly developing a replacement for the legacy Mac OS, and bring it to a wider market.<br />
<br />
== Early Days ==<br />
The [https://web.archive.org/web/20230115041004/https://wantbranding.com/case-studies/apple/ company's branding] was developed by the New York-based WantBranding's ''Brand Strategy & Naming'' team, along with that for Kaleida (a sister company, focussing on multimedia development products, also launched, around the same time, by Apple, and IBM), and much of the initial Pink engineering team (around 150 members), and associated operational staff, were transferred, from Apple. <br />
<br />
Although Taligent ostensibly had an initial public staff count, of 170 members (the majority, being the aforementioned engineers), from the start, it wouldn't gain an initial chairman/CEO, until 24th February 1992, when Joseph M. Guglielmi was [https://web.archive.org/web/20230115042853/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/08/business/the-executive-computer-apple-ibm-venture-with-new-leaders-searches-for-a-soul.html transferred], from IBM.<br />
<br />
In 1993, Taligent would [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlgkdE0svGg present] at ComDex, in Las Vegas, for the first time, as a joint-venture.<br />
<br />
== Initial Product ==<br />
The company initially sought to release a new operating system (TalOS - variously, Taligent Object System/Taligent Object Services), and associated application development environment (Taligent Development Environment/TalDE), and runtime environment (Taligent Application Environment/TalAE), that would have been based on a brand-new, proprietary microkernel, named Opus (or, Opus/2). It is known, that engineers were working on developing abstractions, around 1991-1992, for this kernel, that was alluded to, in unpublished, internal reports, that were mentioned as references, in the March 1995 Mach paper.<br />
[[File:ComDex '94 TalOS Demo Screenshot.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
To date, no copies of this have surfaced.<br />
<br />
=== User Interface Designs ===<br />
An alleged [https://web.archive.org/web/20230110165300/http://www.icad.org/websiteV2.0/Conferences/ICAD96/proc96/dougherty.htm final demonstration] (''"The Cutting Edge Demo"'') of the user interface, and its sound effects were made, at the International Conference on Auditory Display, in 1996. <br />
<br />
Other than the mockup UI, shown in the ICAD article (which is reused, in monochrome, in Taligent-related books), very few videos, screenshots, or audio samples exist. (A 2006 [https://web.archive.org/web/20221227182135/http://www.roughlydrafted.com/RD/Q4.06/36A61A87-064B-470D-8870-736DD59CEF48.html RoughlyDrafted article] shows another mockup, that more closely resembles the Mac OS 7.x Finder, including static menubar, Chicago font, mixed-size icons, with customisable colour labels, and BeOS-like window titlebars, but it is unknown, when a decision was made, to recast the UI, with a more NeXTSTEP/RISC OS-like floating menu palette).<br />
<br />
Several prototype icons, and design elements, of the Finder-like design were spearheaded by [https://web.archive.org/web/20070519194402/http://robinnet.net/resume/Robin_portfolio_Taligent.htm Robin Silberling], during the initial development, at Apple, during the early '90s. <br />
<br />
One of the rarest public demonstrations of the TalOS UI, briefly captured on video, is demonstrated at 4:04, in a promotional YouTube video, from [https://youtu.be/IGOHIFwF3CI?t=244 ComDex 1994].<br />
<br />
=== Relationship to MacApp ===<br />
The initial Pink APIs are roughly based on those of the MacApp framework, which was initially written in Pascal, for Mac OS, before being gradually ported to C++, and, later, Windows, in both style, and substance, but have been substantially extended, to produce a viable set of APIs, for implementing a general-purpose operating system. <br />
<br />
The public distribution of MacApp 2.0 (released in 1990), on CD-ROM seems to contain some Pink-related executable code, object file names, mangled linker symbols, logs, and strings, in otherwise unallocated HFS sectors, that does not belong to any known files, or resource forks (it is not preserved, when copying the contents of the CD, to a new HFS+, or FAT16 volume, under Mac OS 9, from examining an both ISO of the CD, and the destination volume, using the UNIX <code>strings</code> utility). <br />
<br />
It is unknown, which version of Pink, this code pertains to, and the PhotoRec utility doesn't contain signatures, capable of matching any files on the CD, but unique mentions of strings such as: <code>OpusBug</code>, <code>Name Server</code>,<code>TSurrogateSection</code>, <code>MPrimitiveClient</code>, and <code>qpIncludes the following: <br />
DiscoInferno OpusWrappers PsychoKiller Runtime Scream Tokens UtilityClasses and ZZText</code>, which do not appear in any of the main MacApp files, or their resource forks, when copies using the Mac OS Finder, are made.<br />
<br />
=== Mach Research ===<br />
In March 1995, a paper was published, detailing the ambitions of Taligent's engineers, in creating new, object-oriented C++ wrappers, for Mach 3 kernel APIs, presumably to replace their older wrappers, for the proprietary Opus/2 microkernel. It is unknown, if this work was later intended to inform any potential port to IBM's grand WorkPlace OS initiative, or if it was simply a way of adapting to the trend of OS developers evaluating Mach, as a "wave of the future" technology.<br />
<br />
== HP Involvement ==<br />
HP was not initially one of the founding partners, but [https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19940106&slug=1888316 announced] their plan to join, in January 1994, and purchased a 15% stake in the organisation, with a view to using Taligent's technology, in HP-UX. (The deal itself received regulatory clearance, a [https://techmonitor.ai/technology/hp_stake_in_taligent_gains_clearance month later], and HP was able to gain a board seat, to influence the operation of Taligent's business).<br />
<br />
Additionally, HP intended on licensing their OpenODB (object-oriented database) product, as well as Distributed Object Management Facility (DOMF) CORBA implementation, together with HP DCE/9000 (an implementation of OSF's Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)), as an alternative, to IBM's implementation, in the hopes of shipping it in a cut of TalOS, or TalAE, that was expected to arrive, by the end of 1995, or the start of 1996.<br />
<br />
=== C++ Compiler Technology (''"CompTech"'') ===<br />
<br />
According to a [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109055751/http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/1503#comment-17400 blog post], by Rys McCusker, the name "CompTech" refers to the team, responsible for developing, and maintaining the compiler products, rather than the compiler itself, and there was a presumably-abandoned plan, to port Apple's experimental Dylan language compiler, and runtime, to the nascent TalOS.<br />
<br />
It is claimed, on Wikipedia, that HP licensed, and released certain Taligent C++ compiler technology, as part of their ANSI C++ compiler, aCC/aC++, in addition to "some graphics libraries", and [https://web.archive.org/web/20230103060929/https://opensource.apple.com/source/gdb/gdb-963/src/gdb/hpacc-abi.c.auto.html GDB source code], released as part of Apple Darwin mentions a shared Taligent, and HP-UX runtime ABI specification. <br />
<br />
It has also been revealed, in [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109061740/https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=pdb_na-PHSS_26952 public defect reports], that earlier versions of the HP aC++ Compiler have been used, to compile Taligent-supplied source code.<br />
<br />
== CommonPoint ==<br />
CommonPoint was a rebranding, of the development tools, and application runtime environment, as it moved away from being an integrated operating system, wholly-developed by Taligent, to an environment that ran on top of third-party operating systems.<br />
<br />
''ToDo - Relationship to IBM VisualAge C++ 3.5/4.0, Open Class Libraries, OpenDoc, products for AIX, and OS/2, DCE, documentation, PinkMake''<br />
<br />
Due to delays, and quality issues, with some of Taligent's own tooling, and HP's SoftBench 3.0, the TakeFive Sniff+ development tools were licensed, and bundled with early versions of the Taligent Application Environment product, as an emergency replacement.<br />
<br />
''ToDo - Transition, from OS, to application suite/operating environment''<br />
<br />
=== CommonPoint, on AIX ===<br />
The CommonPoint Application System, and associated development tools, were primarily developed, to run on AIX, and ported to other platforms. Very few copies of any versions are known to be available, presumably due to their high IBM-recommended prices. <br />
<br />
=== ''CommonPoint for AIX'' Commemorative CDs ===<br />
The Computer History Museum, in California, USA has a [https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102662317 commemorative plaque], seemingly made from a wooden base, wrapped in a metal shell, holding standard jewel CD cases, containing CDs, with retail screen-printing. <br />
<br />
The online description claims, that they were issued, for the shipment of ''CommonPoint(TM) application system, Version 1.0 for AIX'', and ''cpConstructor(TM), Version 1.0 for AIX'', but the only official photograph is low-resolution, and does not show both discs. Additionally, it is unknown if these discs actually contain the software, as the museum is presumably unwilling to extract them, from their mount, to examine their contents.<br />
<br />
It is [https://classiccmp.org/pipermail/cctalk/2020-January/051485.html rumoured], that the discs may actually be blank, although without access to the physical artefact, and the permission of the Computer History Museum, it is difficult to determine the veracity of this claim.<br />
<br />
=== ''The Power of Frameworks'' Book ===<br />
As part of an initiative, to raise mindshare, and awareness of the CommonPoint products, Taligent released a book (ISBN 0-201-48348-3), that included a CD-ROM, and discussed the development of a simple spreadsheet application, for Windows, and OS/2, as well as a version, that was designed for the CommonPoint APIs. <br />
[[File:Taligent's "The Power of Frameworks" Director app splash screen.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
Used copies of the book, have been found, on eBay, and online stores, of charitable organisations, and the text has been uploaded to the Internet Archive - but, no copies of the contents of the CD had been recovered (used copies were sometimes resold, without it included), and archived, until a copy of the book had been located, on the 11th January 2023, with the disc still sealed in the back.<br />
<br />
==== CD Contents ====<br />
<br />
A copy of the CD contents, as both a disk image, created with MacOS Disk Utility, and the files from the file system have been uploaded to the Internet Archive, as a SquashFS image. (This was originally uploaded as a ZIP archive, but got flagged by VirusTotal, as a false positive, and automatically removed).<br />
<br />
The root of the file system contains <code>README.TXT</code> (<code>ASCII text, with CRLF line terminators</code>), <code>PWRFW.EXE</code> (<code>MS-DOS executable, NE for MS Windows 3.x (EXE)</code>), and <code>POFSRC</code> (a directory).<br />
<br />
<code>PWRFW.EXE</code> is the main presentation, developed using <code>Director for Windows Release 4.0.4</code>. Due to containing 16-bit code, it will not run under CrossOver, and Rosetta 2, or under ReactOS, but should run, under Windows 2000. (<code>README.TXT</code> mentions them working, under Windows 3.1, with Win32s, Windows 95, and under OS/2, with caveats).<br />
<br />
The <code>POFSRC</code> directory contains <code>OS2</code>, and <code>WIN31</code> directories, with a shared structure:<br />
<pre><br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2:<br />
POFSAMP1 POFSAMP2 POFSAMP3<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31:<br />
POFSAMP1 POFSAMP2 POFSAMP3<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
These subdirectories contain the C++ source/header files, Makefiles, sample executables/libraries, and associated resource files, for Windows 3.1, and OS/2:<br />
<pre><br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP1:<br />
CELLFORM.H FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H S1.CMD SAMPLE1.EXE SAMPLE1.LNK SAMPLE1.RES<br />
FNUMBER.CPP FRAMEWRK.HH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE1.CPP SAMPLE1.HLP SAMPLE1.MAK WELCOME.H<br />
FNUMBER.H FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.H NGRID.CPP PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE1.DEF SAMPLE1.IPF SAMPLE1.RC<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP2:<br />
CELLFORM.H FRAMEWRK.HH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMBER.DLL OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE2.CPP SAMPLE2.HLP SAMPLE2.MAK TEXT.H<br />
FORMATTE.DLL FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.CPP PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE2.DEF SAMPLE2.IPF SAMPLE2.RC WELCOME.H<br />
FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H NUMFMTR.H S2.CMD SAMPLE2.EXE SAMPLE2.LNK TEXT.CPP<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP3:<br />
CELLFORM.H FORMATTE.DLL FRAMEWRK.HH HELLO.C NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE3.CPP SAMPLE3.HLP SAMPLE3.MAK<br />
FNUMBER.CPP FORMATTE.LIB FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMBER.DLL PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE3.DEF SAMPLE3.IPF SAMPLE3.RC<br />
FNUMBER.H FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMBER.LIB S3.CMD SAMPLE3.EXE SAMPLE3.LNK WELCOME.H<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP1:<br />
FNUMBER.CPP NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.CPP SAMPLE1.CPP SAMPLE1.EXE SAMPLE1.RC SAMPLE1.RH<br />
FNUMBER.H NCELL.H NFORMAT.H NGRID.H SAMPLE1.DEF SAMPLE1.IDE SAMPLE1.RES<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP2:<br />
NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.CPP SAMPLE2.CPP SAMPLE2.EXE SAMPLE2.RC SAMPLE2.RH TEXT.H<br />
NCELL.H NFORMAT.H NGRID.H NUMFMTR.H SAMPLE2.DEF SAMPLE2.IDE SAMPLE2.RES TEXT.CPP<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP3:<br />
NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMFMTR.CPP RATIONUM.H SAMPLE3.CPP SAMPLE3.IDE SAMPLE3.RH<br />
NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.H RATNLFMT.H SAMPLE3.DEF SAMPLE3.RC TEXT.CPP<br />
NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H RATIONUM.CPP RFORMTTR.CPP SAMPLE3.EXE SAMPLE3.RES TEXT.H<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
== Taligent International Foundation Classes ==<br />
The International Foundation Classes were jointly-copyrighted, by Taligent, and IBM, and have been used in several third-party products, developed for non-CommonPoint platforms. <br />
<br />
iPlanet/Netscape Directory Server (which was since rebranded, several times), was known to be one of these, as a mention is made, in the documentation (as the "International Classes"), and a [https://web.archive.org/web/19970707142012/http://www.taligent.com/news/May14press.html press release], from 14th May 1997 mentions, that the Collation Library component was ported, from Java, to C++, and licensed to Netscape. The same article also mentions Sun/JavaSoft integrating them into the Java Development Kit, Version 1.1.<br />
<br />
Typically supplied with applications as a DLL, or static library file (<code>libnls</code>), that is either loaded at runtime, or linked, at build time, and consumes <code>.ctx</code>, and <code>.txt</code> pairs, named with ISO language codes, that can define names of months/countries/languages, time formats, currency symbols, and other language/culture/country-specific values, in a JSON-like syntax (although it does not strictly conform, to the JSON specification). <br />
<br />
Versions written in Java, and C++ are known to exist.<br />
<br />
== Taligent Places for Project Teams ==<br />
[[File:Lotus_Notes_Log_Image_32.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
One of the few mass-market products, that was shipped, by Taligent, was "Places for Project Teams". This was a companion application, to Lotus Notes, for Windows, developed using Delphi, and ActiveX/OLE components (as opposed to the company's own, proprietary framework technology), that would have been sold, for a relatively-low price of $49 per-user (or, $390, for a pack of 10 licenses). <br />
<br />
It was [https://web.archive.org/web/19970707142110/http://www.taligent.com/news/placepr.html first announced], on the 27th January, 1997, for release, "''in the second quarter of 1997''", with a beta version being made available, upon announcement (which was supposed to expire, on the 1st May, 1997), and was officially intended to be compatible with Windows NT 3.51, or Windows 95, and Lotus Notes 4.1, as a baseline. <br />
<br />
A 30-day trial copy of version 1.0, for Windows was recovered, from the WayBack Machine, and republished, as an Internet Archive artefact, recently. This is confirmed to run, on Windows Server 2003, and Windows NT 4.0, with a 4.x-series version of Lotus Notes.<br />
<br />
== Taligent WebRunner ==<br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
Being developed after the failure of CommonPoint, the developers of Symbian OS took inspiration from Taligent's coding style conventions, in designing their API surface, to have a consistent naming scheme (e.g. using "M", for Mix-in classes, and prefixing Type classes, with "T", amongst other conventions), and several developers from Taligent, later went to work for Symbian, in both its guise as a limited company, and as a non-profit foundation. <br />
<br />
Taligent technology was also harvested, to produce the popular International Components for Unicode, which was later adopted by Apple, in a twist of fate, for MacOS/iOS, as well as Google, for Android, and most Linux distributions, and several packages of Sun/Oracle's Java APIs were either developed directly, by Taligent engineers, or were ported, and adapted, from code developed for Taligent products. <br />
<br />
Some of the Open Source mathematics library code (e.g. [https://github.com/briancabbott/macOS-system-projects/blob/ae5d2d2677c6f9a38dff4e57c12e682ee632b84c/Resources/Code/apple-oss-distributions/Libm/Source/PowerPC/ExpTableLD.c ExpTable], [https://github.com/briancabbott/macOS-system-projects/blob/ae5d2d2677c6f9a38dff4e57c12e682ee632b84c/Resources/Code/apple-oss-distributions/Libm/Source/PowerPC/LogTableLD.c LogTablelD], and some mathematical function-related code, in various audio drivers), in Apple Darwin, for PowerPC is derived from code developed for CommonPoint.<br />
<br />
It could be argued, that the Genode project, is a spiritual successor, to CommonPoint, in trying to define a framework, for a microkernel-agnostic operating system, although its developers have not publicly stated this being one of their intentions.<br />
<br />
== Additional References ==<br />
* ''[https://archive.org/details/apple-big-pink-3-mar-1990 Big Pink #3 March 15, 1990]'' (Apple documents, from BitSavers, via Internet Archive)<br />
* ''[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/512410 Design Goals of Object-Oriented Wrappers for the Mach Microkernel]'' - Stephen Kurtzman, and Kayshav Dattatri, for Taligent, Inc. (IEEE - Paywall Warning)<br />
* ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=61b46Uti8-UC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=Taligent+Symbian&source=bl&ots=Z5LgmRCk9c&sig=ACfU3U12yyzct-LS7QCiDOXAb14n2TXEtA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLisryuLn8AhXJPsAKHb-oC3c4ChDoAXoECBkQAw#v=onepage&q=Taligent%20Symbian&f=false Symbian OS C++ for Mobile Phones, Volume 3 : Application Development for Symbian OS v9]'' - Richard Harrison, and Mark Shackman (Google Books Preview)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052912/https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/242ad4723ed579bd1f317846b2c04d96b05750cd/docs/userguide/icu/index.md History, and Background of ICU] (GitHub, via Internet Archive)<br />
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052433/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/taligent_is_forced_to_use_takefive_sniff_development_environment_as_own_tools_are_incomplete Taligent Is Forced to Use TakeFive Sniff+ Development Environment, as Own Tools Are Incomplete]'' (CBR/TechMonitor.ai, via Internet Archive)<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9vyO8eAStI The Road To OS X #1: Apple 'Pink', and Taligent - Tech Tales Podcast] (YouTube - Audio Only)<br />
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052251/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/hewlett_packard_news Despite limitations, Hewlett-Packard readies its HP-UX Taligent layer with SoftBench 3.X]'' (CBR/TechMonitor.ai, via Internet Archive)<br />
* ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6REEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA14&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q&f=false Taligent, HP in object pact]'' - Christine Burns, and Peter Lisker (Network World, via Google Books Preview)</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Help_Wanted&diff=997Help Wanted2023-02-03T19:50:25Z<p>Vmlemon: Interest in TopView SDK</p>
<hr />
<div>As time passes, it becomes apparent that products, documentation, Websites, and organisations sink without a trace, and entire swathes of computing, and technology history, and culture becomes lost. With that in mind, this page exists, to raise awareness of "endangered" (i.e. things are known, but slowly becoming forgotten/lost), or sparsely-documented aspects of historical interest. <br />
<br />
== 3Com 3+Share ==<br />
To date, very little documentation, beyond historical footnotes, about this networking product, let alone copies of associated software are available. Please help us change this, if you can.<br />
<br />
== Banyan VINES ==<br />
We're always on the lookout, for more versions of VINES, and associated software, and hardware, as well as documentation. The #banyan-resurrection channel, on Discord always welcomes new faces!<br />
<br />
== Computing, in South Korea ==<br />
Whilst looking for information on WebKit, and stumbling across a copy of Samsung's Dolfin browser source code, for their proprietary Samsung Handset Platform (SHP), and Bada layer, it occurred to us, that we have very little information, in English, let alone Korean, about the development of the computing culture, and industry, in South Korea, despite prominent companies, like LG, and Samsung being present, in the global conscious. <br />
<br />
=== Samsung Bada ===<br />
Bada was a rare attempt at launching a new smartphone OS, written in C++, based on extending a proprietary, internally-developed feature phone platform (MOCHA/SHP), with a public SDK. (It was conceptually similar, in terms of positioning, to Qualcomm BREW). Most handsets used the Mentor Graphics Nucleus kernel, and the SDK, and documentation was available, for a short time, but copies of it are now difficult to come by - so, we should probably make some kind of effort, to change this.<br />
<br />
=== UNIX Machines ===<br />
[https://www.etri.re.kr/45th/eng/sub05_2.html ETRI]'s 45th Anniversary page mentions HAN-8, SSM-16 (a Motorola 68K, UNIX V.7 system), and SSM-32, as well as the MAHA distributed file system, and computing architecture. A [http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO198673874172736.pdf PDF], in Korean, from KoreaScience elaborates on some of the implementation, of the SSM-16. <br />
<br />
Sadly, there's very little information, on these early systems, or their development. Maybe someone, either involved in their development, or usage, or with access to documentation/hardware/software, inside South Korea would be able to shine a light on these?<br />
<br />
== HP/Compaq/Tandem NonStop ==<br />
Other than some [https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ported] Open Source packages, on a site that's designed to be hostile towards mirroring/automated downloading tools, and the ''HPI Loader, and Halted States SVCS NS1000FWV1 Update 1'' CD, that was archived, very few copies of the NonStop OS, or its associated Guardian/OSS components, or third-party software has surfaced. It would be interesting, to examine this OS, in more detail.<br />
<br />
== IBM AIX/ESA ==<br />
It appears that very scant documentation exists, on IBM's OSF/1-based AIX/ESA operating system, beyond pricing, and press releases, and so far, no copies of the software have been discovered. It would be interesting, to examine this product, in the context of IBM's microkernel-based OS initiatives, such as WorkPlace OS. <br />
<br />
== IBM TopView SDK ==<br />
Recently, some of us started looking at IBM's TopView environment, for MS-DOS, and got curious about the format of the <code>EXT</code> executable files, that seem to contain a header, with some descriptive strings, before an x86 jump instruction. It would be interesting, to find a copy of the SDK, so we can understand the format of these files, further, beyond what can be gleaned from reverse-engineering, with a hex editor, and <code>strings</code>.<br />
<br />
== Stratus (Open)VOS ==<br />
To date, no copies of OpenVOS, or VOS have been found, and although Stratus Technologies maintain some public documentation, on their Website, their public FTP server was quietly closed down, a while ago, and the archives of it, that exist, are likely to be incomplete. It would also be interesting, to examine any SDKs, and place VOS in the context of MULTICS, and its descendants. <br />
<br />
== Taligent ==<br />
We're looking for documentation, as well as software released by Taligent, or as part of the Pink project, at Apple - especially related to CommonPoint, or TalOS. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
[[Category:History]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Help_Wanted&diff=996Help Wanted2023-02-03T19:45:31Z<p>Vmlemon: /* HP/Compaq/Tandem NonStop = */ Fix a typo</p>
<hr />
<div>As time passes, it becomes apparent that products, documentation, Websites, and organisations sink without a trace, and entire swathes of computing, and technology history, and culture becomes lost. With that in mind, this page exists, to raise awareness of "endangered" (i.e. things are known, but slowly becoming forgotten/lost), or sparsely-documented aspects of historical interest. <br />
<br />
== 3Com 3+Share ==<br />
To date, very little documentation, beyond historical footnotes, about this networking product, let alone copies of associated software are available. Please help us change this, if you can.<br />
<br />
== Banyan VINES ==<br />
We're always on the lookout, for more versions of VINES, and associated software, and hardware, as well as documentation. The #banyan-resurrection channel, on Discord always welcomes new faces!<br />
<br />
== Computing, in South Korea ==<br />
Whilst looking for information on WebKit, and stumbling across a copy of Samsung's Dolfin browser source code, for their proprietary Samsung Handset Platform (SHP), and Bada layer, it occurred to us, that we have very little information, in English, let alone Korean, about the development of the computing culture, and industry, in South Korea, despite prominent companies, like LG, and Samsung being present, in the global conscious. <br />
<br />
=== Samsung Bada ===<br />
Bada was a rare attempt at launching a new smartphone OS, written in C++, based on extending a proprietary, internally-developed feature phone platform (MOCHA/SHP), with a public SDK. (It was conceptually similar, in terms of positioning, to Qualcomm BREW). Most handsets used the Mentor Graphics Nucleus kernel, and the SDK, and documentation was available, for a short time, but copies of it are now difficult to come by - so, we should probably make some kind of effort, to change this.<br />
<br />
=== UNIX Machines ===<br />
[https://www.etri.re.kr/45th/eng/sub05_2.html ETRI]'s 45th Anniversary page mentions HAN-8, SSM-16 (a Motorola 68K, UNIX V.7 system), and SSM-32, as well as the MAHA distributed file system, and computing architecture. A [http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO198673874172736.pdf PDF], in Korean, from KoreaScience elaborates on some of the implementation, of the SSM-16. <br />
<br />
Sadly, there's very little information, on these early systems, or their development. Maybe someone, either involved in their development, or usage, or with access to documentation/hardware/software, inside South Korea would be able to shine a light on these?<br />
<br />
== HP/Compaq/Tandem NonStop ==<br />
Other than some [https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ported] Open Source packages, on a site that's designed to be hostile towards mirroring/automated downloading tools, and the ''HPI Loader, and Halted States SVCS NS1000FWV1 Update 1'' CD, that was archived, very few copies of the NonStop OS, or its associated Guardian/OSS components, or third-party software has surfaced. It would be interesting, to examine this OS, in more detail.<br />
<br />
== IBM AIX/ESA ==<br />
It appears that very scant documentation exists, on IBM's OSF/1-based AIX/ESA operating system, beyond pricing, and press releases, and so far, no copies of the software have been discovered. It would be interesting, to examine this product, in the context of IBM's microkernel-based OS initiatives, such as WorkPlace OS. <br />
<br />
== Stratus (Open)VOS ==<br />
To date, no copies of OpenVOS, or VOS have been found, and although Stratus Technologies maintain some public documentation, on their Website, their public FTP server was quietly closed down, a while ago, and the archives of it, that exist, are likely to be incomplete. It would also be interesting, to examine any SDKs, and place VOS in the context of MULTICS, and its descendants. <br />
<br />
== Taligent ==<br />
We're looking for documentation, as well as software released by Taligent, or as part of the Pink project, at Apple - especially related to CommonPoint, or TalOS. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
[[Category:History]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Help_Wanted&diff=995Help Wanted2023-02-03T19:44:55Z<p>Vmlemon: HP NonStop</p>
<hr />
<div>As time passes, it becomes apparent that products, documentation, Websites, and organisations sink without a trace, and entire swathes of computing, and technology history, and culture becomes lost. With that in mind, this page exists, to raise awareness of "endangered" (i.e. things are known, but slowly becoming forgotten/lost), or sparsely-documented aspects of historical interest. <br />
<br />
== 3Com 3+Share ==<br />
To date, very little documentation, beyond historical footnotes, about this networking product, let alone copies of associated software are available. Please help us change this, if you can.<br />
<br />
== Banyan VINES ==<br />
We're always on the lookout, for more versions of VINES, and associated software, and hardware, as well as documentation. The #banyan-resurrection channel, on Discord always welcomes new faces!<br />
<br />
== Computing, in South Korea ==<br />
Whilst looking for information on WebKit, and stumbling across a copy of Samsung's Dolfin browser source code, for their proprietary Samsung Handset Platform (SHP), and Bada layer, it occurred to us, that we have very little information, in English, let alone Korean, about the development of the computing culture, and industry, in South Korea, despite prominent companies, like LG, and Samsung being present, in the global conscious. <br />
<br />
=== Samsung Bada ===<br />
Bada was a rare attempt at launching a new smartphone OS, written in C++, based on extending a proprietary, internally-developed feature phone platform (MOCHA/SHP), with a public SDK. (It was conceptually similar, in terms of positioning, to Qualcomm BREW). Most handsets used the Mentor Graphics Nucleus kernel, and the SDK, and documentation was available, for a short time, but copies of it are now difficult to come by - so, we should probably make some kind of effort, to change this.<br />
<br />
=== UNIX Machines ===<br />
[https://www.etri.re.kr/45th/eng/sub05_2.html ETRI]'s 45th Anniversary page mentions HAN-8, SSM-16 (a Motorola 68K, UNIX V.7 system), and SSM-32, as well as the MAHA distributed file system, and computing architecture. A [http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO198673874172736.pdf PDF], in Korean, from KoreaScience elaborates on some of the implementation, of the SSM-16. <br />
<br />
Sadly, there's very little information, on these early systems, or their development. Maybe someone, either involved in their development, or usage, or with access to documentation/hardware/software, inside South Korea would be able to shine a light on these?<br />
<br />
== HP/Compaq/Tandem NonStop ===<br />
Other than some [https://ituglib.connect-community.org/apps/Ituglib/SrchOpenSrcLib.xhtml ported] Open Source packages, on a site that's designed to be hostile towards mirroring/automated downloading tools, and the ''HPI Loader, and Halted States SVCS NS1000FWV1 Update 1'' CD, that was archived, very few copies of the NonStop OS, or its associated Guardian/OSS components, or third-party software has surfaced. It would be interesting, to examine this OS, in more detail.<br />
<br />
== IBM AIX/ESA ==<br />
It appears that very scant documentation exists, on IBM's OSF/1-based AIX/ESA operating system, beyond pricing, and press releases, and so far, no copies of the software have been discovered. It would be interesting, to examine this product, in the context of IBM's microkernel-based OS initiatives, such as WorkPlace OS. <br />
<br />
== Stratus (Open)VOS ==<br />
To date, no copies of OpenVOS, or VOS have been found, and although Stratus Technologies maintain some public documentation, on their Website, their public FTP server was quietly closed down, a while ago, and the archives of it, that exist, are likely to be incomplete. It would also be interesting, to examine any SDKs, and place VOS in the context of MULTICS, and its descendants. <br />
<br />
== Taligent ==<br />
We're looking for documentation, as well as software released by Taligent, or as part of the Pink project, at Apple - especially related to CommonPoint, or TalOS. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
[[Category:History]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Help_Wanted&diff=959Help Wanted2023-01-27T00:09:06Z<p>Vmlemon: /* Samsung Bada */ Typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>As time passes, it becomes apparent that products, documentation, Websites, and organisations sink without a trace, and entire swathes of computing, and technology history, and culture becomes lost. With that in mind, this page exists, to raise awareness of "endangered" (i.e. things are known, but slowly becoming forgotten/lost), or sparsely-documented aspects of historical interest. <br />
<br />
== 3Com 3+Share ==<br />
To date, very little documentation, beyond historical footnotes, about this networking product, let alone copies of associated software are available. Please help us change this, if you can.<br />
<br />
== Banyan VINES ==<br />
We're always on the lookout, for more versions of VINES, and associated software, and hardware, as well as documentation. The #banyan-resurrection channel, on Discord always welcomes new faces!<br />
<br />
== Computing, in South Korea ==<br />
Whilst looking for information on WebKit, and stumbling across a copy of Samsung's Dolfin browser source code, for their proprietary Samsung Handset Platform (SHP), and Bada layer, it occurred to us, that we have very little information, in English, let alone Korean, about the development of the computing culture, and industry, in South Korea, despite prominent companies, like LG, and Samsung being present, in the global conscious. <br />
<br />
=== Samsung Bada ===<br />
Bada was a rare attempt at launching a new smartphone OS, written in C++, based on extending a proprietary, internally-developed feature phone platform (MOCHA/SHP), with a public SDK. (It was conceptually similar, in terms of positioning, to Qualcomm BREW). Most handsets used the Mentor Graphics Nucleus kernel, and the SDK, and documentation was available, for a short time, but copies of it are now difficult to come by - so, we should probably make some kind of effort, to change this.<br />
<br />
=== UNIX Machines ===<br />
[https://www.etri.re.kr/45th/eng/sub05_2.html ETRI]'s 45th Anniversary page mentions HAN-8, SSM-16 (a Motorola 68K, UNIX V.7 system), and SSM-32, as well as the MAHA distributed file system, and computing architecture. A [http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO198673874172736.pdf PDF], in Korean, from KoreaScience elaborates on some of the implementation, of the SSM-16. <br />
<br />
Sadly, there's very little information, on these early systems, or their development. Maybe someone, either involved in their development, or usage, or with access to documentation/hardware/software, inside South Korea would be able to shine a light on these?<br />
<br />
== IBM AIX/ESA ==<br />
It appears that very scant documentation exists, on IBM's OSF/1-based AIX/ESA operating system, beyond pricing, and press releases, and so far, no copies of the software have been discovered. It would be interesting, to examine this product, in the context of IBM's microkernel-based OS initiatives, such as WorkPlace OS. <br />
<br />
== Stratus (Open)VOS ==<br />
To date, no copies of OpenVOS, or VOS have been found, and although Stratus Technologies maintain some public documentation, on their Website, their public FTP server was quietly closed down, a while ago, and the archives of it, that exist, are likely to be incomplete. It would also be interesting, to examine any SDKs, and place VOS in the context of MULTICS, and its descendants. <br />
<br />
== Taligent ==<br />
We're looking for documentation, as well as software released by Taligent, or as part of the Pink project, at Apple - especially related to CommonPoint, or TalOS. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
[[Category:History]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Help_Wanted&diff=958Help Wanted2023-01-26T23:59:56Z<p>Vmlemon: Grammar typo</p>
<hr />
<div>As time passes, it becomes apparent that products, documentation, Websites, and organisations sink without a trace, and entire swathes of computing, and technology history, and culture becomes lost. With that in mind, this page exists, to raise awareness of "endangered" (i.e. things are known, but slowly becoming forgotten/lost), or sparsely-documented aspects of historical interest. <br />
<br />
== 3Com 3+Share ==<br />
To date, very little documentation, beyond historical footnotes, about this networking product, let alone copies of associated software are available. Please help us change this, if you can.<br />
<br />
== Banyan VINES ==<br />
We're always on the lookout, for more versions of VINES, and associated software, and hardware, as well as documentation. The #banyan-resurrection channel, on Discord always welcomes new faces!<br />
<br />
== Computing, in South Korea ==<br />
Whilst looking for information on WebKit, and stumbling across a copy of Samsung's Dolfin browser source code, for their proprietary Samsung Handset Platform (SHP), and Bada layer, it occurred to us, that we have very little information, in English, let alone Korean, about the development of the computing culture, and industry, in South Korea, despite prominent companies, like LG, and Samsung being present, in the global conscious. <br />
<br />
=== Samsung Bada ===<br />
Bada was a rare attempt at launching a new smartphone OS, written in C++, based on extending a proprietary, internally-developed feature platform (MOCHA/SHP), with a public SDK. (It was conceptually similar, in terms of positioning, to Qualcomm BREW). Most handsets used the Mentor Graphics Nucleus kernel, and the SDK, and documentation was available, for a short time, but copies of it are now difficult to come by - so, we should probably make some kind of effort, to change this.<br />
<br />
=== UNIX Machines ===<br />
[https://www.etri.re.kr/45th/eng/sub05_2.html ETRI]'s 45th Anniversary page mentions HAN-8, SSM-16 (a Motorola 68K, UNIX V.7 system), and SSM-32, as well as the MAHA distributed file system, and computing architecture. A [http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO198673874172736.pdf PDF], in Korean, from KoreaScience elaborates on some of the implementation, of the SSM-16. <br />
<br />
Sadly, there's very little information, on these early systems, or their development. Maybe someone, either involved in their development, or usage, or with access to documentation/hardware/software, inside South Korea would be able to shine a light on these?<br />
<br />
== IBM AIX/ESA ==<br />
It appears that very scant documentation exists, on IBM's OSF/1-based AIX/ESA operating system, beyond pricing, and press releases, and so far, no copies of the software have been discovered. It would be interesting, to examine this product, in the context of IBM's microkernel-based OS initiatives, such as WorkPlace OS. <br />
<br />
== Stratus (Open)VOS ==<br />
To date, no copies of OpenVOS, or VOS have been found, and although Stratus Technologies maintain some public documentation, on their Website, their public FTP server was quietly closed down, a while ago, and the archives of it, that exist, are likely to be incomplete. It would also be interesting, to examine any SDKs, and place VOS in the context of MULTICS, and its descendants. <br />
<br />
== Taligent ==<br />
We're looking for documentation, as well as software released by Taligent, or as part of the Pink project, at Apple - especially related to CommonPoint, or TalOS. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
[[Category:History]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Help_Wanted&diff=957Help Wanted2023-01-26T23:12:33Z<p>Vmlemon: 3+Share</p>
<hr />
<div>As time passes, it becomes apparent that products, documentation, Websites, and organisations sink without a trace, and entire swathes of computing, and technology history, and culture becomes lost. With that in mind, this page exists, to raise awareness of "endangered" (i.e. things are known, but slowly becoming forgotten/lost), or sparsely-documented aspects of historical interest. <br />
<br />
== 3Com 3+Share ==<br />
To date, very little documentation, beyond historical footnotes, about this networking product, let alone copies of associated software are available. Please help us change this, if you can.<br />
<br />
== Banyan VINES ==<br />
We're always on the lookout, for more versions of VINES, and associated software, and hardware, as well as documentation. The #banyan-resurrection channel, on Discord always welcomes new faces!<br />
<br />
== Computing, in South Korea ==<br />
Whilst looking for information on WebKit, and stumbling across a copy of Samsung's Dolfin browser source code, for their proprietary Samsung Handset Platform (SHP), and Bada layer, it occurred to us, that we have very little information, in English, let alone Korean, about the development of the computing culture, and industry, in South Korea, despite prominent companies, like LG, and Samsung being present, in the global conscious. <br />
<br />
=== Samsung Bada ===<br />
Bada was a rare attempt at launching a new smartphone OS, written in C++, based on extending a proprietary, internally-developed feature platform (MOCHA/SHP), with a public SDK. (It was conceptually similar, in terms of positioning, to Qualcomm BREW). Most handsets used the Mentor Graphics Nucleus kernel, and the SDK, and documentation was available, for a short time, but copies of it are now difficult to come by - so, we should probably make some kind of effort, to change this.<br />
<br />
=== UNIX Machines ===<br />
[https://www.etri.re.kr/45th/eng/sub05_2.html ETRI]'s 45th Anniversary page mentions HAN-8, SSM-16 (a Motorola 68K, UNIX V.7 system), and SSM-32, as well as the MAHA distributed file system, and computing architecture. A [http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO198673874172736.pdf PDF], in Korean, from KoreaScience elaborates on some of the implementation, of the SSM-16. <br />
<br />
Sadly, there's very little information, on these early systems, or their development. Maybe someone, either involved in their development, or usage, or with access to documentation/hardware/software, inside South Korea would be able to shine a light on these?<br />
<br />
== IBM AIX/ESA ==<br />
It appears that very scant documentation exists, on IBM's OSF/1-based AIX/ESA operating system, beyond pricing, and press releases, and so far, no copies of the software has been discovered. It would be interesting, to examine this product, in the context of IBM's microkernel-based OS initiatives, such as WorkPlace OS. <br />
<br />
== Stratus (Open)VOS ==<br />
To date, no copies of OpenVOS, or VOS have been found, and although Stratus Technologies maintain some public documentation, on their Website, their public FTP server was quietly closed down, a while ago, and the archives of it, that exist, are likely to be incomplete. It would also be interesting, to examine any SDKs, and place VOS in the context of MULTICS, and its descendants. <br />
<br />
== Taligent ==<br />
We're looking for documentation, as well as software released by Taligent, or as part of the Pink project, at Apple - especially related to CommonPoint, or TalOS. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
[[Category:History]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Help_Wanted&diff=956Help Wanted2023-01-26T22:53:23Z<p>Vmlemon: /* UNIX Machines */ Fix a typo</p>
<hr />
<div>As time passes, it becomes apparent that products, documentation, Websites, and organisations sink without a trace, and entire swathes of computing, and technology history, and culture becomes lost. With that in mind, this page exists, to raise awareness of "endangered" (i.e. things are known, but slowly becoming forgotten/lost), or sparsely-documented aspects of historical interest. <br />
<br />
== Banyan VINES ==<br />
We're always on the lookout, for more versions of VINES, and associated software, and hardware, as well as documentation. The #banyan-resurrection channel, on Discord always welcomes new faces!<br />
<br />
== Computing, in South Korea ==<br />
Whilst looking for information on WebKit, and stumbling across a copy of Samsung's Dolfin browser source code, for their proprietary Samsung Handset Platform (SHP), and Bada layer, it occurred to us, that we have very little information, in English, let alone Korean, about the development of the computing culture, and industry, in South Korea, despite prominent companies, like LG, and Samsung being present, in the global conscious. <br />
<br />
=== Samsung Bada ===<br />
Bada was a rare attempt at launching a new smartphone OS, written in C++, based on extending a proprietary, internally-developed feature platform (MOCHA/SHP), with a public SDK. (It was conceptually similar, in terms of positioning, to Qualcomm BREW). Most handsets used the Mentor Graphics Nucleus kernel, and the SDK, and documentation was available, for a short time, but copies of it are now difficult to come by - so, we should probably make some kind of effort, to change this.<br />
<br />
=== UNIX Machines ===<br />
[https://www.etri.re.kr/45th/eng/sub05_2.html ETRI]'s 45th Anniversary page mentions HAN-8, SSM-16 (a Motorola 68K, UNIX V.7 system), and SSM-32, as well as the MAHA distributed file system, and computing architecture. A [http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO198673874172736.pdf PDF], in Korean, from KoreaScience elaborates on some of the implementation, of the SSM-16. <br />
<br />
Sadly, there's very little information, on these early systems, or their development. Maybe someone, either involved in their development, or usage, or with access to documentation/hardware/software, inside South Korea would be able to shine a light on these?<br />
<br />
== IBM AIX/ESA ==<br />
It appears that very scant documentation exists, on IBM's OSF/1-based AIX/ESA operating system, beyond pricing, and press releases, and so far, no copies of the software has been discovered. It would be interesting, to examine this product, in the context of IBM's microkernel-based OS initiatives, such as WorkPlace OS. <br />
<br />
== Stratus (Open)VOS ==<br />
To date, no copies of OpenVOS, or VOS have been found, and although Stratus Technologies maintain some public documentation, on their Website, their public FTP server was quietly closed down, a while ago, and the archives of it, that exist, are likely to be incomplete. It would also be interesting, to examine any SDKs, and place VOS in the context of MULTICS, and its descendants. <br />
<br />
== Taligent ==<br />
We're looking for documentation, as well as software released by Taligent, or as part of the Pink project, at Apple - especially related to CommonPoint, or TalOS. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
[[Category:History]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Help_Wanted&diff=955Help Wanted2023-01-26T22:47:06Z<p>Vmlemon: VOS, AIX/ESA</p>
<hr />
<div>As time passes, it becomes apparent that products, documentation, Websites, and organisations sink without a trace, and entire swathes of computing, and technology history, and culture becomes lost. With that in mind, this page exists, to raise awareness of "endangered" (i.e. things are known, but slowly becoming forgotten/lost), or sparsely-documented aspects of historical interest. <br />
<br />
== Banyan VINES ==<br />
We're always on the lookout, for more versions of VINES, and associated software, and hardware, as well as documentation. The #banyan-resurrection channel, on Discord always welcomes new faces!<br />
<br />
== Computing, in South Korea ==<br />
Whilst looking for information on WebKit, and stumbling across a copy of Samsung's Dolfin browser source code, for their proprietary Samsung Handset Platform (SHP), and Bada layer, it occurred to us, that we have very little information, in English, let alone Korean, about the development of the computing culture, and industry, in South Korea, despite prominent companies, like LG, and Samsung being present, in the global conscious. <br />
<br />
=== Samsung Bada ===<br />
Bada was a rare attempt at launching a new smartphone OS, written in C++, based on extending a proprietary, internally-developed feature platform (MOCHA/SHP), with a public SDK. (It was conceptually similar, in terms of positioning, to Qualcomm BREW). Most handsets used the Mentor Graphics Nucleus kernel, and the SDK, and documentation was available, for a short time, but copies of it are now difficult to come by - so, we should probably make some kind of effort, to change this.<br />
<br />
=== UNIX Machines ===<br />
[https://www.etri.re.kr/45th/eng/sub05_2.html ETRI]'s 45th Anniversary page mentions HAN-8, SSM-16 (a Motorola 68K, UNIX V.7 system), and STM-32, as well as the MAHA distributed file system, and computing architecture. A [http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO198673874172736.pdf PDF], in Korean, from KoreaScience elaborates on some of the implementation, of the SSM-16. <br />
<br />
Sadly, there's very little information, on these early systems, or their development. Maybe someone, either involved in their development, or usage, or with access to documentation/hardware/software, inside South Korea would be able to shine a light on these?<br />
<br />
== IBM AIX/ESA ==<br />
It appears that very scant documentation exists, on IBM's OSF/1-based AIX/ESA operating system, beyond pricing, and press releases, and so far, no copies of the software has been discovered. It would be interesting, to examine this product, in the context of IBM's microkernel-based OS initiatives, such as WorkPlace OS. <br />
<br />
== Stratus (Open)VOS ==<br />
To date, no copies of OpenVOS, or VOS have been found, and although Stratus Technologies maintain some public documentation, on their Website, their public FTP server was quietly closed down, a while ago, and the archives of it, that exist, are likely to be incomplete. It would also be interesting, to examine any SDKs, and place VOS in the context of MULTICS, and its descendants. <br />
<br />
== Taligent ==<br />
We're looking for documentation, as well as software released by Taligent, or as part of the Pink project, at Apple - especially related to CommonPoint, or TalOS. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
[[Category:History]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Help_Wanted&diff=952Help Wanted2023-01-26T22:14:47Z<p>Vmlemon: Taligent, VINES stuff</p>
<hr />
<div>As time passes, it becomes apparent that products, documentation, Websites, and organisations sink without a trace, and entire swathes of computing, and technology history, and culture becomes lost. With that in mind, this page exists, to raise awareness of "endangered" (i.e. things are known, but slowly becoming forgotten/lost), or sparsely-documented aspects of historical interest. <br />
<br />
== Banyan VINES ==<br />
We're always on the lookout, for more versions of VINES, and associated software, and hardware, as well as documentation. The #banyan-resurrection channel, on Discord always welcomes new faces!<br />
<br />
== Computing, in South Korea ==<br />
Whilst looking for information on WebKit, and stumbling across a copy of Samsung's Dolfin browser source code, for their proprietary Samsung Handset Platform (SHP), and Bada layer, it occurred to us, that we have very little information, in English, let alone Korean, about the development of the computing culture, and industry, in South Korea, despite prominent companies, like LG, and Samsung being present, in the global conscious. <br />
<br />
=== Samsung Bada ===<br />
Bada was a rare attempt at launching a new smartphone OS, written in C++, based on extending a proprietary, internally-developed feature platform (MOCHA/SHP), with a public SDK. (It was conceptually similar, in terms of positioning, to Qualcomm BREW). Most handsets used the Mentor Graphics Nucleus kernel, and the SDK, and documentation was available, for a short time, but copies of it are now difficult to come by - so, we should probably make some kind of effort, to change this.<br />
<br />
=== UNIX Machines ===<br />
[https://www.etri.re.kr/45th/eng/sub05_2.html ETRI]'s 45th Anniversary page mentions HAN-8, SSM-16 (a Motorola 68K, UNIX V.7 system), and STM-32, as well as the MAHA distributed file system, and computing architecture. A [http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO198673874172736.pdf PDF], in Korean, from KoreaScience elaborates on some of the implementation, of the SSM-16. <br />
<br />
Sadly, there's very little information, on these early systems, or their development. Maybe someone, either involved in their development, or usage, or with access to documentation/hardware/software, inside South Korea would be able to shine a light on these?<br />
<br />
== Taligent ==<br />
We're looking for documentation, as well as software released by Taligent, or as part of the Pink project, at Apple - especially related to CommonPoint, or TalOS. <br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
[[Category:History]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Help_Wanted&diff=950Help Wanted2023-01-26T21:58:11Z<p>Vmlemon: Fix a typo</p>
<hr />
<div>As time passes, it becomes apparent that products, documentation, Websites, and organisations sink without a trace, and entire swathes of computing, and technology history, and culture becomes lost. With that in mind, this page exists, to raise awareness of "endangered" (i.e. things are known, but slowly becoming forgotten/lost), or sparsely-documented aspects of historical interest. <br />
<br />
== Computing, in South Korea ==<br />
Whilst looking for information on WebKit, and stumbling across a copy of Samsung's Dolfin browser source code, for their proprietary Samsung Handset Platform (SHP), and Bada layer, it occurred to us, that we have very little information, in English, let alone Korean, about the development of the computing culture, and industry, in South Korea, despite prominent companies, like LG, and Samsung being present, in the global conscious. <br />
<br />
=== Samsung Bada ===<br />
Bada was a rare attempt at launching a new smartphone OS, written in C++, based on extending a proprietary, internally-developed feature platform (MOCHA/SHP), with a public SDK. (It was conceptually similar, in terms of positioning, to Qualcomm BREW). Most handsets used the Mentor Graphics Nucleus kernel, and the SDK, and documentation was available, for a short time, but copies of it are now difficult to come by - so, we should probably make some kind of effort, to change this.<br />
<br />
=== UNIX Machines ===<br />
[https://www.etri.re.kr/45th/eng/sub05_2.html ETRI]'s 45th Anniversary page mentions HAN-8, SSM-16 (a Motorola 68K, UNIX V.7 system), and STM-32, as well as the MAHA distributed file system, and computing architecture. A [http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO198673874172736.pdf PDF], in Korean, from KoreaScience elaborates on some of the implementation, of the SSM-16. <br />
<br />
Sadly, there's very little information, on these early systems, or their development. Maybe someone, either involved in their development, or usage, or with access to documentation/hardware/software, inside South Korea would be able to shine a light on these?<br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
[[Category:History]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Help_Wanted&diff=949Help Wanted2023-01-26T21:57:57Z<p>Vmlemon: Create a "cry for help"/"here's what we know we don't know"-type page</p>
<hr />
<div>As time passes, it becomes apparent that products, documentation, Websites, and organisations sink without a trace, and entire swathes of computing, and technology history, and culture becomes lost. With that in mind, this page exists, to raise awareness of "endangered" (i.e. things are known, but slowly becoming forgotten/lost), or sparsely-documented aspects of historical interest. <br />
<br />
== Computing, in South Korea ==<br />
Whilst looking for information on WebKit, and stumbling across a copy of Samsung's Dolfin browser source code, for their proprietary Samsung Handset Platform (SHP), and Bada layer, it occurred to us, that we have very little information, in English, let alone Korean, about the development of the computing culture, and industry, in South Korea, despite prominent companies, like LG, and Samsung being present, in the global conscious. <br />
<br />
== Samsung Bada ===<br />
Bada was a rare attempt at launching a new smartphone OS, written in C++, based on extending a proprietary, internally-developed feature platform (MOCHA/SHP), with a public SDK. (It was conceptually similar, in terms of positioning, to Qualcomm BREW). Most handsets used the Mentor Graphics Nucleus kernel, and the SDK, and documentation was available, for a short time, but copies of it are now difficult to come by - so, we should probably make some kind of effort, to change this.<br />
<br />
=== UNIX Machines ===<br />
[https://www.etri.re.kr/45th/eng/sub05_2.html ETRI]'s 45th Anniversary page mentions HAN-8, SSM-16 (a Motorola 68K, UNIX V.7 system), and STM-32, as well as the MAHA distributed file system, and computing architecture. A [http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO198673874172736.pdf PDF], in Korean, from KoreaScience elaborates on some of the implementation, of the SSM-16. <br />
<br />
Sadly, there's very little information, on these early systems, or their development. Maybe someone, either involved in their development, or usage, or with access to documentation/hardware/software, inside South Korea would be able to shine a light on these?<br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
[[Category:History]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Useful_Tools&diff=897Useful Tools2023-01-23T18:38:03Z<p>Vmlemon: Categorise the page</p>
<hr />
<div>== File System Manipulation ==<br />
* [https://github.com/aaru-dps/Aaru Aaru] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of disk image, partition table, and file system formats, and is built with the Microsoft .NET Framework - builds exist, for several operating systems.<br />
<br />
== Archive Manipulation == <br />
* 7-Zip supports the Windows Imaging format (<code>.WIM</code>) disk images, with LZX compression, as used by Windows 8.1<br />
* [https://github.com/MacPaw/XADMaster XADMaster] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of compression, and archival formats, and can also expand some disk image formats - this seems to be the basis of the "unar" utility, provided for Ubuntu, and some other Linux distributions.<br />
* [https://github.com/twogood/unshield unshield] is a CLI tool, for unpacking various flavours of InstallShield archive<br />
<br />
== Firmware Image Extraction ==<br />
* The [http://marksmods.com/Hack-the-L7/zip/random.zip RandomSHX] utility, for Windows will extract the contents of some Motorola P2K (e.g. A835) "UNIX Generated SuperFile" firmware archives - this requires Windows, and does not work with UNC paths<br />
* The <code>srecord</code> package, under Ubuntu contains a utility, that can convert Motorola S-Record files, into plain binaries: (for example <code>srec_cat C139_V1.0.03.E.m0 -Output C139_V1.0.03.E.bin -Binary</code><br />
<br />
* BinWalk is extremely useful, for extracting files, and resources out of firmware images, executables, and file system structures<br />
<br />
<br />
== Binary reverse engineering ==<br />
<br />
* Dependency Walker for understanding Windows program dependencies and what's used by the program, helpful for software archaeology.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Useful_Tools&diff=895Useful Tools2023-01-23T18:24:51Z<p>Vmlemon: /* Firmware Image Extraction */ Syntax fix</p>
<hr />
<div>== File System Manipulation ==<br />
* [https://github.com/aaru-dps/Aaru Aaru] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of disk image, partition table, and file system formats, and is built with the Microsoft .NET Framework - builds exist, for several operating systems.<br />
<br />
== Archive Manipulation == <br />
* 7-Zip supports the Windows Imaging format (<code>.WIM</code>) disk images, with LZX compression, as used by Windows 8.1<br />
* [https://github.com/MacPaw/XADMaster XADMaster] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of compression, and archival formats, and can also expand some disk image formats - this seems to be the basis of the "unar" utility, provided for Ubuntu, and some other Linux distributions.<br />
* [https://github.com/twogood/unshield unshield] is a CLI tool, for unpacking various flavours of InstallShield archive<br />
<br />
== Firmware Image Extraction ==<br />
* The [http://marksmods.com/Hack-the-L7/zip/random.zip RandomSHX] utility, for Windows will extract the contents of some Motorola P2K (e.g. A835) "UNIX Generated SuperFile" firmware archives - this requires Windows, and does not work with UNC paths<br />
* The <code>srecord</code> package, under Ubuntu contains a utility, that can convert Motorola S-Record files, into plain binaries: (for example <code>srec_cat C139_V1.0.03.E.m0 -Output C139_V1.0.03.E.bin -Binary</code><br />
<br />
* BinWalk is extremely useful, for extracting files, and resources out of firmware images, executables, and file system structures</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Useful_Tools&diff=894Useful Tools2023-01-23T18:22:29Z<p>Vmlemon: Port my old GitHub Wiki page (https://github.com/vmlemon/understand/wiki/Reverse-Engineering-Tools - entirely self-created, so OK to put under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike), to MediaWiki, and extend it, with unshield. Further contributions are encouraged. (ToDo - Add category).</p>
<hr />
<div>== File System Manipulation ==<br />
* [https://github.com/aaru-dps/Aaru Aaru] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of disk image, partition table, and file system formats, and is built with the Microsoft .NET Framework - builds exist, for several operating systems.<br />
<br />
== Archive Manipulation == <br />
* 7-Zip supports the Windows Imaging format (<code>.WIM</code>) disk images, with LZX compression, as used by Windows 8.1<br />
* [https://github.com/MacPaw/XADMaster XADMaster] supports a fairly comprehensive collection of compression, and archival formats, and can also expand some disk image formats - this seems to be the basis of the "unar" utility, provided for Ubuntu, and some other Linux distributions.<br />
* [https://github.com/twogood/unshield unshield] is a CLI tool, for unpacking various flavours of InstallShield archive<br />
<br />
== Firmware Image Extraction ==<br />
* The [http://marksmods.com/Hack-the-L7/zip/random.zip RandomSHX] utility, for Windows will extract the contents of some Motorola P2K (e.g. A835) "UNIX Generated SuperFile" firmware archives - this requires Windows, and does not work with UNC paths<br />
* The `srecord` package, under Ubuntu contains a utility, that can convert Motorola S-Record files, into plain binaries: (for example <code>srec_cat C139_V1.0.03.E.m0 -Output C139_V1.0.03.E.bin -Binary</code><br />
<br />
* BinWalk is extremely useful, for extracting files, and resources out of firmware images, executables, and file system structures</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Taligent&diff=866Taligent2023-01-17T21:35:57Z<p>Vmlemon: /* Initial Product */ Break out the UI stuff, into its own heading</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
Taligent was an American corporation, initially founded as a joint venture, between Apple Computer, Inc., and IBM Corporation, in March 1992, with Hewlett-Packard (HP) later becoming involved, in 1994. <br />
<br />
The founding intention was take advanced, object-oriented software technology, developed as part of Apple's ill-fated "Pink" team, that was ostensibly developing a replacement for the legacy Mac OS, and bring it to a wider market.<br />
<br />
== Early Days ==<br />
The [https://web.archive.org/web/20230115041004/https://wantbranding.com/case-studies/apple/ company's branding] was developed by the New York-based WantBranding's ''Brand Strategy & Naming'' team, along with that for Kaleida (a sister company, focussing on multimedia development products, also launched, around the same time, by Apple, and IBM), and much of the initial Pink engineering team (around 150 members), and associated operational staff, were transferred, from Apple. <br />
<br />
Although Taligent ostensibly had an initial public staff count, of 170 members (the majority, being the aforementioned engineers), from the start, it wouldn't gain an initial chairman/CEO, until 24th February 1992, when Joseph M. Guglielmi was [https://web.archive.org/web/20230115042853/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/08/business/the-executive-computer-apple-ibm-venture-with-new-leaders-searches-for-a-soul.html transferred], from IBM.<br />
<br />
In 1993, Taligent would [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlgkdE0svGg present] at ComDex, in Las Vegas, for the first time, as a joint-venture.<br />
<br />
== Initial Product ==<br />
The company initially sought to release a new operating system (TalOS - variously, Taligent Object System/Taligent Object Services), and associated application development environment (Taligent Development Environment/TalDE), and runtime environment (Taligent Application Environment/TalAE), that would have been based on a brand-new, proprietary microkernel, named Opus (or, Opus/2). It is known, that engineers were working on developing abstractions, around 1991-1992, for this kernel, that was alluded to, in unpublished, internal reports, that were mentioned as references, in the March 1995 Mach paper.<br />
[[File:ComDex '94 TalOS Demo Screenshot.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
To date, no copies of this have surfaced.<br />
<br />
=== User Interface Designs ===<br />
An alleged [https://web.archive.org/web/20230110165300/http://www.icad.org/websiteV2.0/Conferences/ICAD96/proc96/dougherty.htm final demonstration] (''"The Cutting Edge Demo"'') of the user interface, and its sound effects were made, at the International Conference on Auditory Display, in 1996. <br />
<br />
Other than the mockup UI, shown in the ICAD article (which is reused, in monochrome, in Taligent-related books), very few videos, screenshots, or audio samples exist. (A 2006 [https://web.archive.org/web/20221227182135/http://www.roughlydrafted.com/RD/Q4.06/36A61A87-064B-470D-8870-736DD59CEF48.html RoughlyDrafted article] shows another mockup, that more closely resembles the Mac OS 7.x Finder, including static menubar, Chicago font, mixed-size icons, with customisable colour labels, and BeOS-like window titlebars, but it is unknown, when a decision was made, to recast the UI, with a more NeXTSTEP/RISC OS-like floating menu palette).<br />
<br />
Several prototype icons, and design elements, of the Finder-like design were spearheaded by [https://web.archive.org/web/20070519194402/http://robinnet.net/resume/Robin_portfolio_Taligent.htm Robin Silberling], during the initial development, at Apple, during the early '90s. <br />
<br />
One of the rarest public demonstrations of the TalOS UI, briefly captured on video, is demonstrated at 4:04, in a promotional YouTube video, from [https://youtu.be/IGOHIFwF3CI?t=244 ComDex 1994].<br />
<br />
=== Relationship to MacApp ===<br />
The initial Pink APIs are roughly based on those of the MacApp framework, which was initially written in Pascal, for Mac OS, before being gradually ported to C++, and, later, Windows, in both style, and substance, but have been substantially extended, to produce a viable set of APIs, for implementing a general-purpose operating system. <br />
<br />
The public distribution of MacApp 2.0 (released in 1990), on CD-ROM seems to contain some Pink-related executable code, object file names, mangled linker symbols, logs, and strings, in otherwise unallocated HFS sectors, that does not belong to any known files, or resource forks (it is not preserved, when copying the contents of the CD, to a new HFS+, or FAT16 volume, under Mac OS 9, from examining an both ISO of the CD, and the destination volume, using the UNIX <code>strings</code> utility). <br />
<br />
It is unknown, which version of Pink, this code pertains to, and the PhotoRec utility doesn't contain signatures, capable of matching any files on the CD, but unique mentions of strings such as: <code>OpusBug</code>, <code>Name Server</code>,<code>TSurrogateSection</code>, <code>MPrimitiveClient</code>, and <code>qpIncludes the following: <br />
DiscoInferno OpusWrappers PsychoKiller Runtime Scream Tokens UtilityClasses and ZZText</code>, which do not appear in any of the main MacApp files, or their resource forks, when copies using the Mac OS Finder, are made.<br />
<br />
=== Mach Research ===<br />
In March 1995, a paper was published, detailing the ambitions of Taligent's engineers, in creating new, object-oriented C++ wrappers, for Mach 3 kernel APIs, presumably to replace their older wrappers, for the proprietary Opus/2 microkernel. It is unknown, if this work was later intended to inform any potential port to IBM's grand WorkPlace OS initiative, or if it was simply a way of adapting to the trend of OS developers evaluating Mach, as a "wave of the future" technology.<br />
<br />
== HP Involvement ==<br />
HP was not initially one of the founding partners, but [https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19940106&slug=1888316 announced] their plan to join, in January 1994, and purchased a 15% stake in the organisation, with a view to using Taligent's technology, in HP-UX. (The deal itself received regulatory clearance, a [https://techmonitor.ai/technology/hp_stake_in_taligent_gains_clearance month later], and HP was able to gain a board seat, to influence the operation of Taligent's business).<br />
<br />
Additionally, HP intended on licensing their OpenODB (object-oriented database) product, as well as Distributed Object Management Facility (DOMF) CORBA implementation, together with HP DCE/9000 (an implementation of OSF's Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)), as an alternative, to IBM's implementation, in the hopes of shipping it in a cut of TalOS, or TalAE, that was expected to arrive, by the end of 1995, or the start of 1996.<br />
<br />
=== C++ Compiler Technology (''"CompTech"'') ===<br />
<br />
According to a [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109055751/http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/1503#comment-17400 blog post], by Rys McCusker, the name "CompTech" refers to the team, responsible for developing, and maintaining the compiler products, rather than the compiler itself, and there was a presumably-abandoned plan, to port Apple's experimental Dylan language compiler, and runtime, to the nascent TalOS.<br />
<br />
It is claimed, on Wikipedia, that HP licensed, and released certain Taligent C++ compiler technology, as part of their ANSI C++ compiler, aCC/aC++, in addition to "some graphics libraries", and [https://web.archive.org/web/20230103060929/https://opensource.apple.com/source/gdb/gdb-963/src/gdb/hpacc-abi.c.auto.html GDB source code], released as part of Apple Darwin mentions a shared Taligent, and HP-UX runtime ABI specification. <br />
<br />
It has also been revealed, in [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109061740/https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=pdb_na-PHSS_26952 public defect reports], that earlier versions of the HP aC++ Compiler have been used, to compile Taligent-supplied source code.<br />
<br />
== CommonPoint ==<br />
CommonPoint was a rebranding, of the development tools, and application runtime environment, as it moved away from being an integrated operating system, wholly-developed by Taligent, to an environment that ran on top of third-party operating systems.<br />
<br />
''ToDo - Relationship to IBM VisualAge C++ 3.5/4.0, Open Class Libraries, OpenDoc, products for AIX, and OS/2, DCE, documentation, PinkMake''<br />
<br />
Due to delays, and quality issues, with some of Taligent's own tooling, and HP's SoftBench 3.0, the TakeFive Sniff+ development tools were licensed, and bundled with early versions of the Taligent Application Environment product, as an emergency replacement.<br />
<br />
''ToDo - Transition, from OS, to application suite/operating environment''<br />
<br />
=== CommonPoint, on AIX ===<br />
The CommonPoint Application System, and associated development tools, were primarily developed, to run on AIX, and ported to other platforms. Very few copies of any versions are known to be available, presumably due to their high IBM-recommended prices. <br />
<br />
=== ''CommonPoint for AIX'' Commemorative CDs ===<br />
The Computer History Museum, in California, USA has a [https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102662317 commemorative plaque], seemingly made from a wooden base, wrapped in a metal shell, holding standard jewel CD cases, containing CDs, with retail screen-printing. <br />
<br />
The online description claims, that they were issued, for the shipment of ''CommonPoint(TM) application system, Version 1.0 for AIX'', and ''cpConstructor(TM), Version 1.0 for AIX'', but the only official photograph is low-resolution, and does not show both discs. Additionally, it is unknown if these discs actually contain the software, as the museum is presumably unwilling to extract them, from their mount, to examine their contents.<br />
<br />
It is [https://classiccmp.org/pipermail/cctalk/2020-January/051485.html rumoured], that the discs may actually be blank, although without access to the physical artefact, and the permission of the Computer History Museum, it is difficult to determine the veracity of this claim.<br />
<br />
=== ''The Power of Frameworks'' Book ===<br />
As part of an initiative, to raise mindshare, and awareness of the CommonPoint products, Taligent released a book (ISBN 0-201-48348-3), that included a CD-ROM, and discussed the development of a simple spreadsheet application, for Windows, and OS/2, as well as a version, that was designed for the CommonPoint APIs. <br />
[[File:Taligent's "The Power of Frameworks" Director app splash screen.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
Used copies of the book, have been found, on eBay, and online stores, of charitable organisations, and the text has been uploaded to the Internet Archive - but, no copies of the contents of the CD had been recovered (used copies were sometimes resold, without it included), and archived, until a copy of the book had been located, on the 11th January 2023, with the disc still sealed in the back.<br />
<br />
==== CD Contents ====<br />
<br />
A copy of the CD contents, as both a disk image, created with MacOS Disk Utility, and the files from the file system have been uploaded to the Internet Archive, as a SquashFS image. (This was originally uploaded as a ZIP archive, but got flagged by VirusTotal, as a false positive, and automatically removed).<br />
<br />
The root of the file system contains <code>README.TXT</code> (<code>ASCII text, with CRLF line terminators</code>), <code>PWRFW.EXE</code> (<code>MS-DOS executable, NE for MS Windows 3.x (EXE)</code>), and <code>POFSRC</code> (a directory).<br />
<br />
<code>PWRFW.EXE</code> is the main presentation, developed using <code>Director for Windows Release 4.0.4</code>. Due to containing 16-bit code, it will not run under CrossOver, and Rosetta 2, or under ReactOS, but should run, under Windows 2000. (<code>README.TXT</code> mentions them working, under Windows 3.1, with Win32s, Windows 95, and under OS/2, with caveats).<br />
<br />
The <code>POFSRC</code> directory contains <code>OS2</code>, and <code>WIN31</code> directories, with a shared structure:<br />
<pre><br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2:<br />
POFSAMP1 POFSAMP2 POFSAMP3<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31:<br />
POFSAMP1 POFSAMP2 POFSAMP3<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
These subdirectories contain the C++ source/header files, Makefiles, sample executables/libraries, and associated resource files, for Windows 3.1, and OS/2:<br />
<pre><br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP1:<br />
CELLFORM.H FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H S1.CMD SAMPLE1.EXE SAMPLE1.LNK SAMPLE1.RES<br />
FNUMBER.CPP FRAMEWRK.HH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE1.CPP SAMPLE1.HLP SAMPLE1.MAK WELCOME.H<br />
FNUMBER.H FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.H NGRID.CPP PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE1.DEF SAMPLE1.IPF SAMPLE1.RC<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP2:<br />
CELLFORM.H FRAMEWRK.HH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMBER.DLL OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE2.CPP SAMPLE2.HLP SAMPLE2.MAK TEXT.H<br />
FORMATTE.DLL FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.CPP PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE2.DEF SAMPLE2.IPF SAMPLE2.RC WELCOME.H<br />
FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H NUMFMTR.H S2.CMD SAMPLE2.EXE SAMPLE2.LNK TEXT.CPP<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP3:<br />
CELLFORM.H FORMATTE.DLL FRAMEWRK.HH HELLO.C NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE3.CPP SAMPLE3.HLP SAMPLE3.MAK<br />
FNUMBER.CPP FORMATTE.LIB FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMBER.DLL PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE3.DEF SAMPLE3.IPF SAMPLE3.RC<br />
FNUMBER.H FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMBER.LIB S3.CMD SAMPLE3.EXE SAMPLE3.LNK WELCOME.H<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP1:<br />
FNUMBER.CPP NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.CPP SAMPLE1.CPP SAMPLE1.EXE SAMPLE1.RC SAMPLE1.RH<br />
FNUMBER.H NCELL.H NFORMAT.H NGRID.H SAMPLE1.DEF SAMPLE1.IDE SAMPLE1.RES<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP2:<br />
NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.CPP SAMPLE2.CPP SAMPLE2.EXE SAMPLE2.RC SAMPLE2.RH TEXT.H<br />
NCELL.H NFORMAT.H NGRID.H NUMFMTR.H SAMPLE2.DEF SAMPLE2.IDE SAMPLE2.RES TEXT.CPP<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP3:<br />
NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMFMTR.CPP RATIONUM.H SAMPLE3.CPP SAMPLE3.IDE SAMPLE3.RH<br />
NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.H RATNLFMT.H SAMPLE3.DEF SAMPLE3.RC TEXT.CPP<br />
NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H RATIONUM.CPP RFORMTTR.CPP SAMPLE3.EXE SAMPLE3.RES TEXT.H<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
== Taligent International Foundation Classes ==<br />
The International Foundation Classes were jointly-copyrighted, by Taligent, and IBM, and have been used in several third-party products, developed for non-CommonPoint platforms. <br />
<br />
iPlanet/Netscape Directory Server (which was since rebranded, several times), was known to be one of these, as a mention is made, in the documentation (as the "International Classes"), and a [https://web.archive.org/web/19970707142012/http://www.taligent.com/news/May14press.html press release], from 14th May 1997 mentions, that the Collation Library component was ported, from Java, to C++, and licensed to Netscape. The same article also mentions Sun/JavaSoft integrating them into the Java Development Kit, Version 1.1.<br />
<br />
Typically supplied with applications as a DLL, or static library file (<code>libnls</code>), that is either loaded at runtime, or linked, at build time, and consumes <code>.ctx</code>, and <code>.txt</code> pairs, named with ISO language codes, that can define names of months/countries/languages, time formats, currency symbols, and other language/culture/country-specific values, in a JSON-like syntax (although it does not strictly conform, to the JSON specification). <br />
<br />
Versions written in Java, and C++ are known to exist.<br />
<br />
== Taligent Places for Project Teams ==<br />
[[File:Lotus_Notes_Log_Image_32.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
One of the few mass-market products, that was shipped, by Taligent, was "Places for Project Teams". This was a companion application, to Lotus Notes, for Windows, developed using Delphi, and ActiveX/OLE components (as opposed to the company's own, proprietary framework technology), that would have been sold, for a relatively-low price of $49 per-user (or, $390, for a pack of 10 licenses). <br />
<br />
It was [https://web.archive.org/web/19970707142110/http://www.taligent.com/news/placepr.html first announced], on the 27th January, 1997, for release, "''in the second quarter of 1997''", with a beta version being made available, upon announcement (which was supposed to expire, on the 1st May, 1997), and was officially intended to be compatible with Windows NT 3.51, or Windows 95, and Lotus Notes 4.1, as a baseline. <br />
<br />
A 30-day trial copy of version 1.0, for Windows was recovered, from the WayBack Machine, and republished, as an Internet Archive artefact, recently. This is confirmed to run, on Windows Server 2003, and Windows NT 4.0, with a 4.x-series version of Lotus Notes.<br />
<br />
== Taligent WebRunner ==<br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
Being developed after the failure of CommonPoint, the developers of Symbian OS took inspiration from Taligent's coding style conventions, in designing their API surface, to have a consistent naming scheme (e.g. using "M", for Mix-in classes, and prefixing Type classes, with "T", amongst other conventions), and several developers from Taligent, later went to work for Symbian, in both its guise as a limited company, and as a non-profit foundation. <br />
<br />
Taligent technology was also harvested, to produce the popular International Components for Unicode, which was later adopted by Apple, in a twist of fate, for MacOS/iOS, as well as Google, for Android, and most Linux distributions, and several packages of Sun/Oracle's Java APIs were either developed directly, by Taligent engineers, or were ported, and adapted, from code developed for Taligent products. <br />
<br />
Some of the Open Source mathematics library code (e.g. [https://github.com/briancabbott/macOS-system-projects/blob/ae5d2d2677c6f9a38dff4e57c12e682ee632b84c/Resources/Code/apple-oss-distributions/Libm/Source/PowerPC/ExpTableLD.c ExpTable], [https://github.com/briancabbott/macOS-system-projects/blob/ae5d2d2677c6f9a38dff4e57c12e682ee632b84c/Resources/Code/apple-oss-distributions/Libm/Source/PowerPC/LogTableLD.c LogTablelD], and some mathematical function-related code, in various audio drivers), in Apple Darwin, for PowerPC is derived from code developed for CommonPoint.<br />
<br />
It could be argued, that the Genode project, is a spiritual successor, to CommonPoint, in trying to define a framework, for a microkernel-agnostic operating system, although its developers have not publicly stated this being one of their intentions.<br />
<br />
== Additional References ==<br />
<br />
* ''[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/512410 Design Goals of Object-Oriented Wrappers for the Mach Microkernel]'' - Stephen Kurtzman, and Kayshav Dattatri, for Taligent, Inc. (IEEE - Paywall Warning)<br />
* ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=61b46Uti8-UC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=Taligent+Symbian&source=bl&ots=Z5LgmRCk9c&sig=ACfU3U12yyzct-LS7QCiDOXAb14n2TXEtA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLisryuLn8AhXJPsAKHb-oC3c4ChDoAXoECBkQAw#v=onepage&q=Taligent%20Symbian&f=false Symbian OS C++ for Mobile Phones, Volume 3 : Application Development for Symbian OS v9]'' - Richard Harrison, and Mark Shackman (Google Books Preview)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052912/https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/242ad4723ed579bd1f317846b2c04d96b05750cd/docs/userguide/icu/index.md History, and Background of ICU] (GitHub, via Internet Archive)<br />
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052433/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/taligent_is_forced_to_use_takefive_sniff_development_environment_as_own_tools_are_incomplete Taligent Is Forced to Use TakeFive Sniff+ Development Environment, as Own Tools Are Incomplete]'' (CBR/TechMonitor.ai, via Internet Archive)<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9vyO8eAStI The Road To OS X #1: Apple 'Pink', and Taligent - Tech Tales Podcast] (YouTube - Audio Only)<br />
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052251/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/hewlett_packard_news Despite limitations, Hewlett-Packard readies its HP-UX Taligent layer with SoftBench 3.X]'' (CBR/TechMonitor.ai, via Internet Archive)<br />
* ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6REEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA14&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q&f=false Taligent, HP in object pact]'' - Christine Burns, and Peter Lisker (Network World, via Google Books Preview)</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Taligent&diff=865Taligent2023-01-17T21:33:29Z<p>Vmlemon: /* Initial Product */ Early design, at Apple</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
Taligent was an American corporation, initially founded as a joint venture, between Apple Computer, Inc., and IBM Corporation, in March 1992, with Hewlett-Packard (HP) later becoming involved, in 1994. <br />
<br />
The founding intention was take advanced, object-oriented software technology, developed as part of Apple's ill-fated "Pink" team, that was ostensibly developing a replacement for the legacy Mac OS, and bring it to a wider market.<br />
<br />
== Early Days ==<br />
The [https://web.archive.org/web/20230115041004/https://wantbranding.com/case-studies/apple/ company's branding] was developed by the New York-based WantBranding's ''Brand Strategy & Naming'' team, along with that for Kaleida (a sister company, focussing on multimedia development products, also launched, around the same time, by Apple, and IBM), and much of the initial Pink engineering team (around 150 members), and associated operational staff, were transferred, from Apple. <br />
<br />
Although Taligent ostensibly had an initial public staff count, of 170 members (the majority, being the aforementioned engineers), from the start, it wouldn't gain an initial chairman/CEO, until 24th February 1992, when Joseph M. Guglielmi was [https://web.archive.org/web/20230115042853/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/08/business/the-executive-computer-apple-ibm-venture-with-new-leaders-searches-for-a-soul.html transferred], from IBM.<br />
<br />
In 1993, Taligent would [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlgkdE0svGg present] at ComDex, in Las Vegas, for the first time, as a joint-venture.<br />
<br />
== Initial Product ==<br />
The company initially sought to release a new operating system (TalOS - variously, Taligent Object System/Taligent Object Services), and associated application development environment (Taligent Development Environment/TalDE), and runtime environment (Taligent Application Environment/TalAE), that would have been based on a brand-new, proprietary microkernel, named Opus (or, Opus/2). It is known, that engineers were working on developing abstractions, around 1991-1992, for this kernel, that was alluded to, in unpublished, internal reports, that were mentioned as references, in the March 1995 Mach paper.<br />
[[File:ComDex '94 TalOS Demo Screenshot.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
To date, no copies of this have surfaced, although an alleged [https://web.archive.org/web/20230110165300/http://www.icad.org/websiteV2.0/Conferences/ICAD96/proc96/dougherty.htm final demonstration] (''"The Cutting Edge Demo"'') of the user interface, and its sound effects were made, at the International Conference on Auditory Display, in 1996. <br />
<br />
Other than the mockup UI, shown in the ICAD article (which is reused, in monochrome, in Taligent-related books), very few videos, screenshots, or audio samples exist. (A 2006 [https://web.archive.org/web/20221227182135/http://www.roughlydrafted.com/RD/Q4.06/36A61A87-064B-470D-8870-736DD59CEF48.html RoughlyDrafted article] shows another mockup, that more closely resembles the Mac OS 7.x Finder, including static menubar, Chicago font, mixed-size icons, with customisable colour labels, and BeOS-like window titlebars, but it is unknown, when a decision was made, to recast the UI, with a more NeXTSTEP/RISC OS-like floating menu palette).<br />
<br />
Several prototype icons, and design elements, of the Finder-like design were spearheaded by [https://web.archive.org/web/20070519194402/http://robinnet.net/resume/Robin_portfolio_Taligent.htm Robin Silberling], during the initial development, at Apple, during the early '90s. <br />
<br />
One of the rarest public demonstrations of the TalOS UI, briefly captured on video, is demonstrated at 4:04, in a promotional YouTube video, from [https://youtu.be/IGOHIFwF3CI?t=244 ComDex 1994].<br />
<br />
=== Relationship to MacApp ===<br />
The initial Pink APIs are roughly based on those of the MacApp framework, which was initially written in Pascal, for Mac OS, before being gradually ported to C++, and, later, Windows, in both style, and substance, but have been substantially extended, to produce a viable set of APIs, for implementing a general-purpose operating system. <br />
<br />
The public distribution of MacApp 2.0 (released in 1990), on CD-ROM seems to contain some Pink-related executable code, object file names, mangled linker symbols, logs, and strings, in otherwise unallocated HFS sectors, that does not belong to any known files, or resource forks (it is not preserved, when copying the contents of the CD, to a new HFS+, or FAT16 volume, under Mac OS 9, from examining an both ISO of the CD, and the destination volume, using the UNIX <code>strings</code> utility). <br />
<br />
It is unknown, which version of Pink, this code pertains to, and the PhotoRec utility doesn't contain signatures, capable of matching any files on the CD, but unique mentions of strings such as: <code>OpusBug</code>, <code>Name Server</code>,<code>TSurrogateSection</code>, <code>MPrimitiveClient</code>, and <code>qpIncludes the following: <br />
DiscoInferno OpusWrappers PsychoKiller Runtime Scream Tokens UtilityClasses and ZZText</code>, which do not appear in any of the main MacApp files, or their resource forks, when copies using the Mac OS Finder, are made.<br />
<br />
=== Mach Research ===<br />
In March 1995, a paper was published, detailing the ambitions of Taligent's engineers, in creating new, object-oriented C++ wrappers, for Mach 3 kernel APIs, presumably to replace their older wrappers, for the proprietary Opus/2 microkernel. It is unknown, if this work was later intended to inform any potential port to IBM's grand WorkPlace OS initiative, or if it was simply a way of adapting to the trend of OS developers evaluating Mach, as a "wave of the future" technology.<br />
<br />
== HP Involvement ==<br />
HP was not initially one of the founding partners, but [https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19940106&slug=1888316 announced] their plan to join, in January 1994, and purchased a 15% stake in the organisation, with a view to using Taligent's technology, in HP-UX. (The deal itself received regulatory clearance, a [https://techmonitor.ai/technology/hp_stake_in_taligent_gains_clearance month later], and HP was able to gain a board seat, to influence the operation of Taligent's business).<br />
<br />
Additionally, HP intended on licensing their OpenODB (object-oriented database) product, as well as Distributed Object Management Facility (DOMF) CORBA implementation, together with HP DCE/9000 (an implementation of OSF's Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)), as an alternative, to IBM's implementation, in the hopes of shipping it in a cut of TalOS, or TalAE, that was expected to arrive, by the end of 1995, or the start of 1996.<br />
<br />
=== C++ Compiler Technology (''"CompTech"'') ===<br />
<br />
According to a [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109055751/http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/1503#comment-17400 blog post], by Rys McCusker, the name "CompTech" refers to the team, responsible for developing, and maintaining the compiler products, rather than the compiler itself, and there was a presumably-abandoned plan, to port Apple's experimental Dylan language compiler, and runtime, to the nascent TalOS.<br />
<br />
It is claimed, on Wikipedia, that HP licensed, and released certain Taligent C++ compiler technology, as part of their ANSI C++ compiler, aCC/aC++, in addition to "some graphics libraries", and [https://web.archive.org/web/20230103060929/https://opensource.apple.com/source/gdb/gdb-963/src/gdb/hpacc-abi.c.auto.html GDB source code], released as part of Apple Darwin mentions a shared Taligent, and HP-UX runtime ABI specification. <br />
<br />
It has also been revealed, in [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109061740/https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=pdb_na-PHSS_26952 public defect reports], that earlier versions of the HP aC++ Compiler have been used, to compile Taligent-supplied source code.<br />
<br />
== CommonPoint ==<br />
CommonPoint was a rebranding, of the development tools, and application runtime environment, as it moved away from being an integrated operating system, wholly-developed by Taligent, to an environment that ran on top of third-party operating systems.<br />
<br />
''ToDo - Relationship to IBM VisualAge C++ 3.5/4.0, Open Class Libraries, OpenDoc, products for AIX, and OS/2, DCE, documentation, PinkMake''<br />
<br />
Due to delays, and quality issues, with some of Taligent's own tooling, and HP's SoftBench 3.0, the TakeFive Sniff+ development tools were licensed, and bundled with early versions of the Taligent Application Environment product, as an emergency replacement.<br />
<br />
''ToDo - Transition, from OS, to application suite/operating environment''<br />
<br />
=== CommonPoint, on AIX ===<br />
The CommonPoint Application System, and associated development tools, were primarily developed, to run on AIX, and ported to other platforms. Very few copies of any versions are known to be available, presumably due to their high IBM-recommended prices. <br />
<br />
=== ''CommonPoint for AIX'' Commemorative CDs ===<br />
The Computer History Museum, in California, USA has a [https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102662317 commemorative plaque], seemingly made from a wooden base, wrapped in a metal shell, holding standard jewel CD cases, containing CDs, with retail screen-printing. <br />
<br />
The online description claims, that they were issued, for the shipment of ''CommonPoint(TM) application system, Version 1.0 for AIX'', and ''cpConstructor(TM), Version 1.0 for AIX'', but the only official photograph is low-resolution, and does not show both discs. Additionally, it is unknown if these discs actually contain the software, as the museum is presumably unwilling to extract them, from their mount, to examine their contents.<br />
<br />
It is [https://classiccmp.org/pipermail/cctalk/2020-January/051485.html rumoured], that the discs may actually be blank, although without access to the physical artefact, and the permission of the Computer History Museum, it is difficult to determine the veracity of this claim.<br />
<br />
=== ''The Power of Frameworks'' Book ===<br />
As part of an initiative, to raise mindshare, and awareness of the CommonPoint products, Taligent released a book (ISBN 0-201-48348-3), that included a CD-ROM, and discussed the development of a simple spreadsheet application, for Windows, and OS/2, as well as a version, that was designed for the CommonPoint APIs. <br />
[[File:Taligent's "The Power of Frameworks" Director app splash screen.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
Used copies of the book, have been found, on eBay, and online stores, of charitable organisations, and the text has been uploaded to the Internet Archive - but, no copies of the contents of the CD had been recovered (used copies were sometimes resold, without it included), and archived, until a copy of the book had been located, on the 11th January 2023, with the disc still sealed in the back.<br />
<br />
==== CD Contents ====<br />
<br />
A copy of the CD contents, as both a disk image, created with MacOS Disk Utility, and the files from the file system have been uploaded to the Internet Archive, as a SquashFS image. (This was originally uploaded as a ZIP archive, but got flagged by VirusTotal, as a false positive, and automatically removed).<br />
<br />
The root of the file system contains <code>README.TXT</code> (<code>ASCII text, with CRLF line terminators</code>), <code>PWRFW.EXE</code> (<code>MS-DOS executable, NE for MS Windows 3.x (EXE)</code>), and <code>POFSRC</code> (a directory).<br />
<br />
<code>PWRFW.EXE</code> is the main presentation, developed using <code>Director for Windows Release 4.0.4</code>. Due to containing 16-bit code, it will not run under CrossOver, and Rosetta 2, or under ReactOS, but should run, under Windows 2000. (<code>README.TXT</code> mentions them working, under Windows 3.1, with Win32s, Windows 95, and under OS/2, with caveats).<br />
<br />
The <code>POFSRC</code> directory contains <code>OS2</code>, and <code>WIN31</code> directories, with a shared structure:<br />
<pre><br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2:<br />
POFSAMP1 POFSAMP2 POFSAMP3<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31:<br />
POFSAMP1 POFSAMP2 POFSAMP3<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
These subdirectories contain the C++ source/header files, Makefiles, sample executables/libraries, and associated resource files, for Windows 3.1, and OS/2:<br />
<pre><br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP1:<br />
CELLFORM.H FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H S1.CMD SAMPLE1.EXE SAMPLE1.LNK SAMPLE1.RES<br />
FNUMBER.CPP FRAMEWRK.HH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE1.CPP SAMPLE1.HLP SAMPLE1.MAK WELCOME.H<br />
FNUMBER.H FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.H NGRID.CPP PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE1.DEF SAMPLE1.IPF SAMPLE1.RC<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP2:<br />
CELLFORM.H FRAMEWRK.HH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMBER.DLL OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE2.CPP SAMPLE2.HLP SAMPLE2.MAK TEXT.H<br />
FORMATTE.DLL FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.CPP PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE2.DEF SAMPLE2.IPF SAMPLE2.RC WELCOME.H<br />
FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H NUMFMTR.H S2.CMD SAMPLE2.EXE SAMPLE2.LNK TEXT.CPP<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP3:<br />
CELLFORM.H FORMATTE.DLL FRAMEWRK.HH HELLO.C NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE3.CPP SAMPLE3.HLP SAMPLE3.MAK<br />
FNUMBER.CPP FORMATTE.LIB FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMBER.DLL PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE3.DEF SAMPLE3.IPF SAMPLE3.RC<br />
FNUMBER.H FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMBER.LIB S3.CMD SAMPLE3.EXE SAMPLE3.LNK WELCOME.H<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP1:<br />
FNUMBER.CPP NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.CPP SAMPLE1.CPP SAMPLE1.EXE SAMPLE1.RC SAMPLE1.RH<br />
FNUMBER.H NCELL.H NFORMAT.H NGRID.H SAMPLE1.DEF SAMPLE1.IDE SAMPLE1.RES<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP2:<br />
NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.CPP SAMPLE2.CPP SAMPLE2.EXE SAMPLE2.RC SAMPLE2.RH TEXT.H<br />
NCELL.H NFORMAT.H NGRID.H NUMFMTR.H SAMPLE2.DEF SAMPLE2.IDE SAMPLE2.RES TEXT.CPP<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP3:<br />
NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMFMTR.CPP RATIONUM.H SAMPLE3.CPP SAMPLE3.IDE SAMPLE3.RH<br />
NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.H RATNLFMT.H SAMPLE3.DEF SAMPLE3.RC TEXT.CPP<br />
NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H RATIONUM.CPP RFORMTTR.CPP SAMPLE3.EXE SAMPLE3.RES TEXT.H<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
== Taligent International Foundation Classes ==<br />
The International Foundation Classes were jointly-copyrighted, by Taligent, and IBM, and have been used in several third-party products, developed for non-CommonPoint platforms. <br />
<br />
iPlanet/Netscape Directory Server (which was since rebranded, several times), was known to be one of these, as a mention is made, in the documentation (as the "International Classes"), and a [https://web.archive.org/web/19970707142012/http://www.taligent.com/news/May14press.html press release], from 14th May 1997 mentions, that the Collation Library component was ported, from Java, to C++, and licensed to Netscape. The same article also mentions Sun/JavaSoft integrating them into the Java Development Kit, Version 1.1.<br />
<br />
Typically supplied with applications as a DLL, or static library file (<code>libnls</code>), that is either loaded at runtime, or linked, at build time, and consumes <code>.ctx</code>, and <code>.txt</code> pairs, named with ISO language codes, that can define names of months/countries/languages, time formats, currency symbols, and other language/culture/country-specific values, in a JSON-like syntax (although it does not strictly conform, to the JSON specification). <br />
<br />
Versions written in Java, and C++ are known to exist.<br />
<br />
== Taligent Places for Project Teams ==<br />
[[File:Lotus_Notes_Log_Image_32.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
One of the few mass-market products, that was shipped, by Taligent, was "Places for Project Teams". This was a companion application, to Lotus Notes, for Windows, developed using Delphi, and ActiveX/OLE components (as opposed to the company's own, proprietary framework technology), that would have been sold, for a relatively-low price of $49 per-user (or, $390, for a pack of 10 licenses). <br />
<br />
It was [https://web.archive.org/web/19970707142110/http://www.taligent.com/news/placepr.html first announced], on the 27th January, 1997, for release, "''in the second quarter of 1997''", with a beta version being made available, upon announcement (which was supposed to expire, on the 1st May, 1997), and was officially intended to be compatible with Windows NT 3.51, or Windows 95, and Lotus Notes 4.1, as a baseline. <br />
<br />
A 30-day trial copy of version 1.0, for Windows was recovered, from the WayBack Machine, and republished, as an Internet Archive artefact, recently. This is confirmed to run, on Windows Server 2003, and Windows NT 4.0, with a 4.x-series version of Lotus Notes.<br />
<br />
== Taligent WebRunner ==<br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
Being developed after the failure of CommonPoint, the developers of Symbian OS took inspiration from Taligent's coding style conventions, in designing their API surface, to have a consistent naming scheme (e.g. using "M", for Mix-in classes, and prefixing Type classes, with "T", amongst other conventions), and several developers from Taligent, later went to work for Symbian, in both its guise as a limited company, and as a non-profit foundation. <br />
<br />
Taligent technology was also harvested, to produce the popular International Components for Unicode, which was later adopted by Apple, in a twist of fate, for MacOS/iOS, as well as Google, for Android, and most Linux distributions, and several packages of Sun/Oracle's Java APIs were either developed directly, by Taligent engineers, or were ported, and adapted, from code developed for Taligent products. <br />
<br />
Some of the Open Source mathematics library code (e.g. [https://github.com/briancabbott/macOS-system-projects/blob/ae5d2d2677c6f9a38dff4e57c12e682ee632b84c/Resources/Code/apple-oss-distributions/Libm/Source/PowerPC/ExpTableLD.c ExpTable], [https://github.com/briancabbott/macOS-system-projects/blob/ae5d2d2677c6f9a38dff4e57c12e682ee632b84c/Resources/Code/apple-oss-distributions/Libm/Source/PowerPC/LogTableLD.c LogTablelD], and some mathematical function-related code, in various audio drivers), in Apple Darwin, for PowerPC is derived from code developed for CommonPoint.<br />
<br />
It could be argued, that the Genode project, is a spiritual successor, to CommonPoint, in trying to define a framework, for a microkernel-agnostic operating system, although its developers have not publicly stated this being one of their intentions.<br />
<br />
== Additional References ==<br />
<br />
* ''[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/512410 Design Goals of Object-Oriented Wrappers for the Mach Microkernel]'' - Stephen Kurtzman, and Kayshav Dattatri, for Taligent, Inc. (IEEE - Paywall Warning)<br />
* ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=61b46Uti8-UC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=Taligent+Symbian&source=bl&ots=Z5LgmRCk9c&sig=ACfU3U12yyzct-LS7QCiDOXAb14n2TXEtA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLisryuLn8AhXJPsAKHb-oC3c4ChDoAXoECBkQAw#v=onepage&q=Taligent%20Symbian&f=false Symbian OS C++ for Mobile Phones, Volume 3 : Application Development for Symbian OS v9]'' - Richard Harrison, and Mark Shackman (Google Books Preview)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052912/https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/242ad4723ed579bd1f317846b2c04d96b05750cd/docs/userguide/icu/index.md History, and Background of ICU] (GitHub, via Internet Archive)<br />
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052433/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/taligent_is_forced_to_use_takefive_sniff_development_environment_as_own_tools_are_incomplete Taligent Is Forced to Use TakeFive Sniff+ Development Environment, as Own Tools Are Incomplete]'' (CBR/TechMonitor.ai, via Internet Archive)<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9vyO8eAStI The Road To OS X #1: Apple 'Pink', and Taligent - Tech Tales Podcast] (YouTube - Audio Only)<br />
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052251/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/hewlett_packard_news Despite limitations, Hewlett-Packard readies its HP-UX Taligent layer with SoftBench 3.X]'' (CBR/TechMonitor.ai, via Internet Archive)<br />
* ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6REEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA14&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q&f=false Taligent, HP in object pact]'' - Christine Burns, and Peter Lisker (Network World, via Google Books Preview)</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Taligent&diff=859Taligent2023-01-17T14:25:13Z<p>Vmlemon: /* Taligent International Classes */ Rename the section, NS Collation Library/JDK1.1 usage</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
Taligent was an American corporation, initially founded as a joint venture, between Apple Computer, Inc., and IBM Corporation, in March 1992, with Hewlett-Packard (HP) later becoming involved, in 1994. <br />
<br />
The founding intention was take advanced, object-oriented software technology, developed as part of Apple's ill-fated "Pink" team, that was ostensibly developing a replacement for the legacy Mac OS, and bring it to a wider market.<br />
<br />
== Early Days ==<br />
The [https://web.archive.org/web/20230115041004/https://wantbranding.com/case-studies/apple/ company's branding] was developed by the New York-based WantBranding's ''Brand Strategy & Naming'' team, along with that for Kaleida (a sister company, focussing on multimedia development products, also launched, around the same time, by Apple, and IBM), and much of the initial Pink engineering team (around 150 members), and associated operational staff, were transferred, from Apple. <br />
<br />
Although Taligent ostensibly had an initial public staff count, of 170 members (the majority, being the aforementioned engineers), from the start, it wouldn't gain an initial chairman/CEO, until 24th February 1992, when Joseph M. Guglielmi was [https://web.archive.org/web/20230115042853/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/08/business/the-executive-computer-apple-ibm-venture-with-new-leaders-searches-for-a-soul.html transferred], from IBM.<br />
<br />
In 1993, Taligent would [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlgkdE0svGg present] at ComDex, in Las Vegas, for the first time, as a joint-venture.<br />
<br />
== Initial Product ==<br />
The company initially sought to release a new operating system (TalOS - variously, Taligent Object System/Taligent Object Services), and associated application development environment (Taligent Development Environment/TalDE), and runtime environment (Taligent Application Environment/TalAE), that would have been based on a brand-new, proprietary microkernel, named Opus (or, Opus/2). It is known, that engineers were working on developing abstractions, around 1991-1992, for this kernel, that was alluded to, in unpublished, internal reports, that were mentioned as references, in the March 1995 Mach paper.<br />
[[File:ComDex '94 TalOS Demo Screenshot.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
To date, no copies of this have surfaced, although an alleged [https://web.archive.org/web/20230110165300/http://www.icad.org/websiteV2.0/Conferences/ICAD96/proc96/dougherty.htm final demonstration] (''"The Cutting Edge Demo"'') of the user interface, and its sound effects were made, at the International Conference on Auditory Display, in 1996. <br />
<br />
Other than the mockup UI, shown in the ICAD article (which is reused, in monochrome, in Taligent-related books), very few videos, screenshots, or audio samples exist. (A 2006 [https://web.archive.org/web/20221227182135/http://www.roughlydrafted.com/RD/Q4.06/36A61A87-064B-470D-8870-736DD59CEF48.html RoughlyDrafted article] shows another mockup, that more closely resembles the Mac OS 7.x Finder, including static menubar, Chicago font, mixed-size icons, with customisable colour labels, and BeOS-like window titlebars, but it is unknown, when a decision was made, to recast the UI, with a more NeXTSTEP/RISC OS-like floating menu palette).<br />
<br />
One of the rarest public demonstrations of the TalOS UI, briefly captured on video, is demonstrated at 4:04, in a promotional YouTube video, from [https://youtu.be/IGOHIFwF3CI?t=244 ComDex 1994].<br />
<br />
=== Relationship to MacApp ===<br />
The initial Pink APIs are roughly based on those of the MacApp framework, which was initially written in Pascal, for Mac OS, before being gradually ported to C++, and, later, Windows, in both style, and substance, but have been substantially extended, to produce a viable set of APIs, for implementing a general-purpose operating system. <br />
<br />
The public distribution of MacApp 2.0 (released in 1990), on CD-ROM seems to contain some Pink-related executable code, object file names, mangled linker symbols, logs, and strings, in otherwise unallocated HFS sectors, that does not belong to any known files, or resource forks (it is not preserved, when copying the contents of the CD, to a new HFS+, or FAT16 volume, under Mac OS 9, from examining an both ISO of the CD, and the destination volume, using the UNIX <code>strings</code> utility). <br />
<br />
It is unknown, which version of Pink, this code pertains to, and the PhotoRec utility doesn't contain signatures, capable of matching any files on the CD, but unique mentions of strings such as: <code>OpusBug</code>, <code>Name Server</code>,<code>TSurrogateSection</code>, <code>MPrimitiveClient</code>, and <code>qpIncludes the following: <br />
DiscoInferno OpusWrappers PsychoKiller Runtime Scream Tokens UtilityClasses and ZZText</code>, which do not appear in any of the main MacApp files, or their resource forks, when copies using the Mac OS Finder, are made.<br />
<br />
=== Mach Research ===<br />
In March 1995, a paper was published, detailing the ambitions of Taligent's engineers, in creating new, object-oriented C++ wrappers, for Mach 3 kernel APIs, presumably to replace their older wrappers, for the proprietary Opus/2 microkernel. It is unknown, if this work was later intended to inform any potential port to IBM's grand WorkPlace OS initiative, or if it was simply a way of adapting to the trend of OS developers evaluating Mach, as a "wave of the future" technology.<br />
<br />
== HP Involvement ==<br />
HP was not initially one of the founding partners, but [https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19940106&slug=1888316 announced] their plan to join, in January 1994, and purchased a 15% stake in the organisation, with a view to using Taligent's technology, in HP-UX. (The deal itself received regulatory clearance, a [https://techmonitor.ai/technology/hp_stake_in_taligent_gains_clearance month later], and HP was able to gain a board seat, to influence the operation of Taligent's business).<br />
<br />
Additionally, HP intended on licensing their OpenODB (object-oriented database) product, as well as Distributed Object Management Facility (DOMF) CORBA implementation, together with HP DCE/9000 (an implementation of OSF's Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)), as an alternative, to IBM's implementation, in the hopes of shipping it in a cut of TalOS, or TalAE, that was expected to arrive, by the end of 1995, or the start of 1996.<br />
<br />
=== C++ Compiler Technology (''"CompTech"'') ===<br />
<br />
According to a [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109055751/http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/1503#comment-17400 blog post], by Rys McCusker, the name "CompTech" refers to the team, responsible for developing, and maintaining the compiler products, rather than the compiler itself, and there was a presumably-abandoned plan, to port Apple's experimental Dylan language compiler, and runtime, to the nascent TalOS.<br />
<br />
It is claimed, on Wikipedia, that HP licensed, and released certain Taligent C++ compiler technology, as part of their ANSI C++ compiler, aCC/aC++, in addition to "some graphics libraries", and [https://web.archive.org/web/20230103060929/https://opensource.apple.com/source/gdb/gdb-963/src/gdb/hpacc-abi.c.auto.html GDB source code], released as part of Apple Darwin mentions a shared Taligent, and HP-UX runtime ABI specification. <br />
<br />
It has also been revealed, in [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109061740/https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=pdb_na-PHSS_26952 public defect reports], that earlier versions of the HP aC++ Compiler have been used, to compile Taligent-supplied source code.<br />
<br />
== CommonPoint ==<br />
CommonPoint was a rebranding, of the development tools, and application runtime environment, as it moved away from being an integrated operating system, wholly-developed by Taligent, to an environment that ran on top of third-party operating systems.<br />
<br />
''ToDo - Relationship to IBM VisualAge C++ 3.5/4.0, Open Class Libraries, OpenDoc, products for AIX, and OS/2, DCE, documentation, PinkMake''<br />
<br />
Due to delays, and quality issues, with some of Taligent's own tooling, and HP's SoftBench 3.0, the TakeFive Sniff+ development tools were licensed, and bundled with early versions of the Taligent Application Environment product, as an emergency replacement.<br />
<br />
''ToDo - Transition, from OS, to application suite/operating environment''<br />
<br />
=== CommonPoint, on AIX ===<br />
The CommonPoint Application System, and associated development tools, were primarily developed, to run on AIX, and ported to other platforms. Very few copies of any versions are known to be available, presumably due to their high IBM-recommended prices. <br />
<br />
=== ''CommonPoint for AIX'' Commemorative CDs ===<br />
The Computer History Museum, in California, USA has a [https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102662317 commemorative plaque], seemingly made from a wooden base, wrapped in a metal shell, holding standard jewel CD cases, containing CDs, with retail screen-printing. <br />
<br />
The online description claims, that they were issued, for the shipment of ''CommonPoint(TM) application system, Version 1.0 for AIX'', and ''cpConstructor(TM), Version 1.0 for AIX'', but the only official photograph is low-resolution, and does not show both discs. Additionally, it is unknown if these discs actually contain the software, as the museum is presumably unwilling to extract them, from their mount, to examine their contents.<br />
<br />
It is [https://classiccmp.org/pipermail/cctalk/2020-January/051485.html rumoured], that the discs may actually be blank, although without access to the physical artefact, and the permission of the Computer History Museum, it is difficult to determine the veracity of this claim.<br />
<br />
=== ''The Power of Frameworks'' Book ===<br />
As part of an initiative, to raise mindshare, and awareness of the CommonPoint products, Taligent released a book (ISBN 0-201-48348-3), that included a CD-ROM, and discussed the development of a simple spreadsheet application, for Windows, and OS/2, as well as a version, that was designed for the CommonPoint APIs. <br />
[[File:Taligent's "The Power of Frameworks" Director app splash screen.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
Used copies of the book, have been found, on eBay, and online stores, of charitable organisations, and the text has been uploaded to the Internet Archive - but, no copies of the contents of the CD had been recovered (used copies were sometimes resold, without it included), and archived, until a copy of the book had been located, on the 11th January 2023, with the disc still sealed in the back.<br />
<br />
==== CD Contents ====<br />
<br />
A copy of the CD contents, as both a disk image, created with MacOS Disk Utility, and the files from the file system have been uploaded to the Internet Archive, as a SquashFS image. (This was originally uploaded as a ZIP archive, but got flagged by VirusTotal, as a false positive, and automatically removed).<br />
<br />
The root of the file system contains <code>README.TXT</code> (<code>ASCII text, with CRLF line terminators</code>), <code>PWRFW.EXE</code> (<code>MS-DOS executable, NE for MS Windows 3.x (EXE)</code>), and <code>POFSRC</code> (a directory).<br />
<br />
<code>PWRFW.EXE</code> is the main presentation, developed using <code>Director for Windows Release 4.0.4</code>. Due to containing 16-bit code, it will not run under CrossOver, and Rosetta 2, or under ReactOS, but should run, under Windows 2000. (<code>README.TXT</code> mentions them working, under Windows 3.1, with Win32s, Windows 95, and under OS/2, with caveats).<br />
<br />
The <code>POFSRC</code> directory contains <code>OS2</code>, and <code>WIN31</code> directories, with a shared structure:<br />
<pre><br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2:<br />
POFSAMP1 POFSAMP2 POFSAMP3<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31:<br />
POFSAMP1 POFSAMP2 POFSAMP3<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
These subdirectories contain the C++ source/header files, Makefiles, sample executables/libraries, and associated resource files, for Windows 3.1, and OS/2:<br />
<pre><br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP1:<br />
CELLFORM.H FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H S1.CMD SAMPLE1.EXE SAMPLE1.LNK SAMPLE1.RES<br />
FNUMBER.CPP FRAMEWRK.HH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE1.CPP SAMPLE1.HLP SAMPLE1.MAK WELCOME.H<br />
FNUMBER.H FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.H NGRID.CPP PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE1.DEF SAMPLE1.IPF SAMPLE1.RC<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP2:<br />
CELLFORM.H FRAMEWRK.HH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMBER.DLL OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE2.CPP SAMPLE2.HLP SAMPLE2.MAK TEXT.H<br />
FORMATTE.DLL FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.CPP PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE2.DEF SAMPLE2.IPF SAMPLE2.RC WELCOME.H<br />
FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H NUMFMTR.H S2.CMD SAMPLE2.EXE SAMPLE2.LNK TEXT.CPP<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP3:<br />
CELLFORM.H FORMATTE.DLL FRAMEWRK.HH HELLO.C NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE3.CPP SAMPLE3.HLP SAMPLE3.MAK<br />
FNUMBER.CPP FORMATTE.LIB FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMBER.DLL PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE3.DEF SAMPLE3.IPF SAMPLE3.RC<br />
FNUMBER.H FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMBER.LIB S3.CMD SAMPLE3.EXE SAMPLE3.LNK WELCOME.H<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP1:<br />
FNUMBER.CPP NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.CPP SAMPLE1.CPP SAMPLE1.EXE SAMPLE1.RC SAMPLE1.RH<br />
FNUMBER.H NCELL.H NFORMAT.H NGRID.H SAMPLE1.DEF SAMPLE1.IDE SAMPLE1.RES<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP2:<br />
NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.CPP SAMPLE2.CPP SAMPLE2.EXE SAMPLE2.RC SAMPLE2.RH TEXT.H<br />
NCELL.H NFORMAT.H NGRID.H NUMFMTR.H SAMPLE2.DEF SAMPLE2.IDE SAMPLE2.RES TEXT.CPP<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP3:<br />
NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMFMTR.CPP RATIONUM.H SAMPLE3.CPP SAMPLE3.IDE SAMPLE3.RH<br />
NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.H RATNLFMT.H SAMPLE3.DEF SAMPLE3.RC TEXT.CPP<br />
NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H RATIONUM.CPP RFORMTTR.CPP SAMPLE3.EXE SAMPLE3.RES TEXT.H<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
== Taligent International Foundation Classes ==<br />
The International Foundation Classes were jointly-copyrighted, by Taligent, and IBM, and have been used in several third-party products, developed for non-CommonPoint platforms. <br />
<br />
iPlanet/Netscape Directory Server (which was since rebranded, several times), was known to be one of these, as a mention is made, in the documentation (as the "International Classes"), and a [https://web.archive.org/web/19970707142012/http://www.taligent.com/news/May14press.html press release], from 14th May 1997 mentions, that the Collation Library component was ported, from Java, to C++, and licensed to Netscape. The same article also mentions Sun/JavaSoft integrating them into the Java Development Kit, Version 1.1.<br />
<br />
Typically supplied with applications as a DLL, or static library file (<code>libnls</code>), that is either loaded at runtime, or linked, at build time, and consumes <code>.ctx</code>, and <code>.txt</code> pairs, named with ISO language codes, that can define names of months/countries/languages, time formats, currency symbols, and other language/culture/country-specific values, in a JSON-like syntax (although it does not strictly conform, to the JSON specification). <br />
<br />
Versions written in Java, and C++ are known to exist.<br />
<br />
== Taligent Places for Project Teams ==<br />
[[File:Lotus_Notes_Log_Image_32.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
One of the few mass-market products, that was shipped, by Taligent, was "Places for Project Teams". This was a companion application, to Lotus Notes, for Windows, developed using Delphi, and ActiveX/OLE components (as opposed to the company's own, proprietary framework technology), that would have been sold, for a relatively-low price of $49 per-user (or, $390, for a pack of 10 licenses). <br />
<br />
It was [https://web.archive.org/web/19970707142110/http://www.taligent.com/news/placepr.html first announced], on the 27th January, 1997, for release, "''in the second quarter of 1997''", with a beta version being made available, upon announcement (which was supposed to expire, on the 1st May, 1997), and was officially intended to be compatible with Windows NT 3.51, or Windows 95, and Lotus Notes 4.1, as a baseline. <br />
<br />
A 30-day trial copy of version 1.0, for Windows was recovered, from the WayBack Machine, and republished, as an Internet Archive artefact, recently. This is confirmed to run, on Windows Server 2003, and Windows NT 4.0, with a 4.x-series version of Lotus Notes.<br />
<br />
== Taligent WebRunner ==<br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
Being developed after the failure of CommonPoint, the developers of Symbian OS took inspiration from Taligent's coding style conventions, in designing their API surface, to have a consistent naming scheme (e.g. using "M", for Mix-in classes, and prefixing Type classes, with "T", amongst other conventions), and several developers from Taligent, later went to work for Symbian, in both its guise as a limited company, and as a non-profit foundation. <br />
<br />
Taligent technology was also harvested, to produce the popular International Components for Unicode, which was later adopted by Apple, in a twist of fate, for MacOS/iOS, as well as Google, for Android, and most Linux distributions, and several packages of Sun/Oracle's Java APIs were either developed directly, by Taligent engineers, or were ported, and adapted, from code developed for Taligent products. <br />
<br />
Some of the Open Source mathematics library code (e.g. [https://github.com/briancabbott/macOS-system-projects/blob/ae5d2d2677c6f9a38dff4e57c12e682ee632b84c/Resources/Code/apple-oss-distributions/Libm/Source/PowerPC/ExpTableLD.c ExpTable], [https://github.com/briancabbott/macOS-system-projects/blob/ae5d2d2677c6f9a38dff4e57c12e682ee632b84c/Resources/Code/apple-oss-distributions/Libm/Source/PowerPC/LogTableLD.c LogTablelD], and some mathematical function-related code, in various audio drivers), in Apple Darwin, for PowerPC is derived from code developed for CommonPoint.<br />
<br />
It could be argued, that the Genode project, is a spiritual successor, to CommonPoint, in trying to define a framework, for a microkernel-agnostic operating system, although its developers have not publicly stated this being one of their intentions.<br />
<br />
== Additional References ==<br />
<br />
* ''[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/512410 Design Goals of Object-Oriented Wrappers for the Mach Microkernel]'' - Stephen Kurtzman, and Kayshav Dattatri, for Taligent, Inc. (IEEE - Paywall Warning)<br />
* ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=61b46Uti8-UC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=Taligent+Symbian&source=bl&ots=Z5LgmRCk9c&sig=ACfU3U12yyzct-LS7QCiDOXAb14n2TXEtA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLisryuLn8AhXJPsAKHb-oC3c4ChDoAXoECBkQAw#v=onepage&q=Taligent%20Symbian&f=false Symbian OS C++ for Mobile Phones, Volume 3 : Application Development for Symbian OS v9]'' - Richard Harrison, and Mark Shackman (Google Books Preview)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052912/https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/242ad4723ed579bd1f317846b2c04d96b05750cd/docs/userguide/icu/index.md History, and Background of ICU] (GitHub, via Internet Archive)<br />
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052433/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/taligent_is_forced_to_use_takefive_sniff_development_environment_as_own_tools_are_incomplete Taligent Is Forced to Use TakeFive Sniff+ Development Environment, as Own Tools Are Incomplete]'' (CBR/TechMonitor.ai, via Internet Archive)<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9vyO8eAStI The Road To OS X #1: Apple 'Pink', and Taligent - Tech Tales Podcast] (YouTube - Audio Only)<br />
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052251/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/hewlett_packard_news Despite limitations, Hewlett-Packard readies its HP-UX Taligent layer with SoftBench 3.X]'' (CBR/TechMonitor.ai, via Internet Archive)<br />
* ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6REEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA14&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q&f=false Taligent, HP in object pact]'' - Christine Burns, and Peter Lisker (Network World, via Google Books Preview)</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Taligent&diff=858Taligent2023-01-17T03:48:05Z<p>Vmlemon: /* Early Days */ ComDex '93 presentation</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
Taligent was an American corporation, initially founded as a joint venture, between Apple Computer, Inc., and IBM Corporation, in March 1992, with Hewlett-Packard (HP) later becoming involved, in 1994. <br />
<br />
The founding intention was take advanced, object-oriented software technology, developed as part of Apple's ill-fated "Pink" team, that was ostensibly developing a replacement for the legacy Mac OS, and bring it to a wider market.<br />
<br />
== Early Days ==<br />
The [https://web.archive.org/web/20230115041004/https://wantbranding.com/case-studies/apple/ company's branding] was developed by the New York-based WantBranding's ''Brand Strategy & Naming'' team, along with that for Kaleida (a sister company, focussing on multimedia development products, also launched, around the same time, by Apple, and IBM), and much of the initial Pink engineering team (around 150 members), and associated operational staff, were transferred, from Apple. <br />
<br />
Although Taligent ostensibly had an initial public staff count, of 170 members (the majority, being the aforementioned engineers), from the start, it wouldn't gain an initial chairman/CEO, until 24th February 1992, when Joseph M. Guglielmi was [https://web.archive.org/web/20230115042853/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/08/business/the-executive-computer-apple-ibm-venture-with-new-leaders-searches-for-a-soul.html transferred], from IBM.<br />
<br />
In 1993, Taligent would [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlgkdE0svGg present] at ComDex, in Las Vegas, for the first time, as a joint-venture.<br />
<br />
== Initial Product ==<br />
The company initially sought to release a new operating system (TalOS - variously, Taligent Object System/Taligent Object Services), and associated application development environment (Taligent Development Environment/TalDE), and runtime environment (Taligent Application Environment/TalAE), that would have been based on a brand-new, proprietary microkernel, named Opus (or, Opus/2). It is known, that engineers were working on developing abstractions, around 1991-1992, for this kernel, that was alluded to, in unpublished, internal reports, that were mentioned as references, in the March 1995 Mach paper.<br />
[[File:ComDex '94 TalOS Demo Screenshot.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
To date, no copies of this have surfaced, although an alleged [https://web.archive.org/web/20230110165300/http://www.icad.org/websiteV2.0/Conferences/ICAD96/proc96/dougherty.htm final demonstration] (''"The Cutting Edge Demo"'') of the user interface, and its sound effects were made, at the International Conference on Auditory Display, in 1996. <br />
<br />
Other than the mockup UI, shown in the ICAD article (which is reused, in monochrome, in Taligent-related books), very few videos, screenshots, or audio samples exist. (A 2006 [https://web.archive.org/web/20221227182135/http://www.roughlydrafted.com/RD/Q4.06/36A61A87-064B-470D-8870-736DD59CEF48.html RoughlyDrafted article] shows another mockup, that more closely resembles the Mac OS 7.x Finder, including static menubar, Chicago font, mixed-size icons, with customisable colour labels, and BeOS-like window titlebars, but it is unknown, when a decision was made, to recast the UI, with a more NeXTSTEP/RISC OS-like floating menu palette).<br />
<br />
One of the rarest public demonstrations of the TalOS UI, briefly captured on video, is demonstrated at 4:04, in a promotional YouTube video, from [https://youtu.be/IGOHIFwF3CI?t=244 ComDex 1994].<br />
<br />
=== Relationship to MacApp ===<br />
The initial Pink APIs are roughly based on those of the MacApp framework, which was initially written in Pascal, for Mac OS, before being gradually ported to C++, and, later, Windows, in both style, and substance, but have been substantially extended, to produce a viable set of APIs, for implementing a general-purpose operating system. <br />
<br />
The public distribution of MacApp 2.0 (released in 1990), on CD-ROM seems to contain some Pink-related executable code, object file names, mangled linker symbols, logs, and strings, in otherwise unallocated HFS sectors, that does not belong to any known files, or resource forks (it is not preserved, when copying the contents of the CD, to a new HFS+, or FAT16 volume, under Mac OS 9, from examining an both ISO of the CD, and the destination volume, using the UNIX <code>strings</code> utility). <br />
<br />
It is unknown, which version of Pink, this code pertains to, and the PhotoRec utility doesn't contain signatures, capable of matching any files on the CD, but unique mentions of strings such as: <code>OpusBug</code>, <code>Name Server</code>,<code>TSurrogateSection</code>, <code>MPrimitiveClient</code>, and <code>qpIncludes the following: <br />
DiscoInferno OpusWrappers PsychoKiller Runtime Scream Tokens UtilityClasses and ZZText</code>, which do not appear in any of the main MacApp files, or their resource forks, when copies using the Mac OS Finder, are made.<br />
<br />
=== Mach Research ===<br />
In March 1995, a paper was published, detailing the ambitions of Taligent's engineers, in creating new, object-oriented C++ wrappers, for Mach 3 kernel APIs, presumably to replace their older wrappers, for the proprietary Opus/2 microkernel. It is unknown, if this work was later intended to inform any potential port to IBM's grand WorkPlace OS initiative, or if it was simply a way of adapting to the trend of OS developers evaluating Mach, as a "wave of the future" technology.<br />
<br />
== HP Involvement ==<br />
HP was not initially one of the founding partners, but [https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19940106&slug=1888316 announced] their plan to join, in January 1994, and purchased a 15% stake in the organisation, with a view to using Taligent's technology, in HP-UX. (The deal itself received regulatory clearance, a [https://techmonitor.ai/technology/hp_stake_in_taligent_gains_clearance month later], and HP was able to gain a board seat, to influence the operation of Taligent's business).<br />
<br />
Additionally, HP intended on licensing their OpenODB (object-oriented database) product, as well as Distributed Object Management Facility (DOMF) CORBA implementation, together with HP DCE/9000 (an implementation of OSF's Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)), as an alternative, to IBM's implementation, in the hopes of shipping it in a cut of TalOS, or TalAE, that was expected to arrive, by the end of 1995, or the start of 1996.<br />
<br />
=== C++ Compiler Technology (''"CompTech"'') ===<br />
<br />
According to a [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109055751/http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/1503#comment-17400 blog post], by Rys McCusker, the name "CompTech" refers to the team, responsible for developing, and maintaining the compiler products, rather than the compiler itself, and there was a presumably-abandoned plan, to port Apple's experimental Dylan language compiler, and runtime, to the nascent TalOS.<br />
<br />
It is claimed, on Wikipedia, that HP licensed, and released certain Taligent C++ compiler technology, as part of their ANSI C++ compiler, aCC/aC++, in addition to "some graphics libraries", and [https://web.archive.org/web/20230103060929/https://opensource.apple.com/source/gdb/gdb-963/src/gdb/hpacc-abi.c.auto.html GDB source code], released as part of Apple Darwin mentions a shared Taligent, and HP-UX runtime ABI specification. <br />
<br />
It has also been revealed, in [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109061740/https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=pdb_na-PHSS_26952 public defect reports], that earlier versions of the HP aC++ Compiler have been used, to compile Taligent-supplied source code.<br />
<br />
== CommonPoint ==<br />
CommonPoint was a rebranding, of the development tools, and application runtime environment, as it moved away from being an integrated operating system, wholly-developed by Taligent, to an environment that ran on top of third-party operating systems.<br />
<br />
''ToDo - Relationship to IBM VisualAge C++ 3.5/4.0, Open Class Libraries, OpenDoc, products for AIX, and OS/2, DCE, documentation, PinkMake''<br />
<br />
Due to delays, and quality issues, with some of Taligent's own tooling, and HP's SoftBench 3.0, the TakeFive Sniff+ development tools were licensed, and bundled with early versions of the Taligent Application Environment product, as an emergency replacement.<br />
<br />
''ToDo - Transition, from OS, to application suite/operating environment''<br />
<br />
=== CommonPoint, on AIX ===<br />
The CommonPoint Application System, and associated development tools, were primarily developed, to run on AIX, and ported to other platforms. Very few copies of any versions are known to be available, presumably due to their high IBM-recommended prices. <br />
<br />
=== ''CommonPoint for AIX'' Commemorative CDs ===<br />
The Computer History Museum, in California, USA has a [https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102662317 commemorative plaque], seemingly made from a wooden base, wrapped in a metal shell, holding standard jewel CD cases, containing CDs, with retail screen-printing. <br />
<br />
The online description claims, that they were issued, for the shipment of ''CommonPoint(TM) application system, Version 1.0 for AIX'', and ''cpConstructor(TM), Version 1.0 for AIX'', but the only official photograph is low-resolution, and does not show both discs. Additionally, it is unknown if these discs actually contain the software, as the museum is presumably unwilling to extract them, from their mount, to examine their contents.<br />
<br />
It is [https://classiccmp.org/pipermail/cctalk/2020-January/051485.html rumoured], that the discs may actually be blank, although without access to the physical artefact, and the permission of the Computer History Museum, it is difficult to determine the veracity of this claim.<br />
<br />
=== ''The Power of Frameworks'' Book ===<br />
As part of an initiative, to raise mindshare, and awareness of the CommonPoint products, Taligent released a book (ISBN 0-201-48348-3), that included a CD-ROM, and discussed the development of a simple spreadsheet application, for Windows, and OS/2, as well as a version, that was designed for the CommonPoint APIs. <br />
[[File:Taligent's "The Power of Frameworks" Director app splash screen.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
Used copies of the book, have been found, on eBay, and online stores, of charitable organisations, and the text has been uploaded to the Internet Archive - but, no copies of the contents of the CD had been recovered (used copies were sometimes resold, without it included), and archived, until a copy of the book had been located, on the 11th January 2023, with the disc still sealed in the back.<br />
<br />
==== CD Contents ====<br />
<br />
A copy of the CD contents, as both a disk image, created with MacOS Disk Utility, and the files from the file system have been uploaded to the Internet Archive, as a SquashFS image. (This was originally uploaded as a ZIP archive, but got flagged by VirusTotal, as a false positive, and automatically removed).<br />
<br />
The root of the file system contains <code>README.TXT</code> (<code>ASCII text, with CRLF line terminators</code>), <code>PWRFW.EXE</code> (<code>MS-DOS executable, NE for MS Windows 3.x (EXE)</code>), and <code>POFSRC</code> (a directory).<br />
<br />
<code>PWRFW.EXE</code> is the main presentation, developed using <code>Director for Windows Release 4.0.4</code>. Due to containing 16-bit code, it will not run under CrossOver, and Rosetta 2, or under ReactOS, but should run, under Windows 2000. (<code>README.TXT</code> mentions them working, under Windows 3.1, with Win32s, Windows 95, and under OS/2, with caveats).<br />
<br />
The <code>POFSRC</code> directory contains <code>OS2</code>, and <code>WIN31</code> directories, with a shared structure:<br />
<pre><br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2:<br />
POFSAMP1 POFSAMP2 POFSAMP3<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31:<br />
POFSAMP1 POFSAMP2 POFSAMP3<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
These subdirectories contain the C++ source/header files, Makefiles, sample executables/libraries, and associated resource files, for Windows 3.1, and OS/2:<br />
<pre><br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP1:<br />
CELLFORM.H FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H S1.CMD SAMPLE1.EXE SAMPLE1.LNK SAMPLE1.RES<br />
FNUMBER.CPP FRAMEWRK.HH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE1.CPP SAMPLE1.HLP SAMPLE1.MAK WELCOME.H<br />
FNUMBER.H FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.H NGRID.CPP PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE1.DEF SAMPLE1.IPF SAMPLE1.RC<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP2:<br />
CELLFORM.H FRAMEWRK.HH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMBER.DLL OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE2.CPP SAMPLE2.HLP SAMPLE2.MAK TEXT.H<br />
FORMATTE.DLL FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.CPP PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE2.DEF SAMPLE2.IPF SAMPLE2.RC WELCOME.H<br />
FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H NUMFMTR.H S2.CMD SAMPLE2.EXE SAMPLE2.LNK TEXT.CPP<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP3:<br />
CELLFORM.H FORMATTE.DLL FRAMEWRK.HH HELLO.C NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE3.CPP SAMPLE3.HLP SAMPLE3.MAK<br />
FNUMBER.CPP FORMATTE.LIB FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMBER.DLL PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE3.DEF SAMPLE3.IPF SAMPLE3.RC<br />
FNUMBER.H FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMBER.LIB S3.CMD SAMPLE3.EXE SAMPLE3.LNK WELCOME.H<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP1:<br />
FNUMBER.CPP NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.CPP SAMPLE1.CPP SAMPLE1.EXE SAMPLE1.RC SAMPLE1.RH<br />
FNUMBER.H NCELL.H NFORMAT.H NGRID.H SAMPLE1.DEF SAMPLE1.IDE SAMPLE1.RES<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP2:<br />
NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.CPP SAMPLE2.CPP SAMPLE2.EXE SAMPLE2.RC SAMPLE2.RH TEXT.H<br />
NCELL.H NFORMAT.H NGRID.H NUMFMTR.H SAMPLE2.DEF SAMPLE2.IDE SAMPLE2.RES TEXT.CPP<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP3:<br />
NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMFMTR.CPP RATIONUM.H SAMPLE3.CPP SAMPLE3.IDE SAMPLE3.RH<br />
NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.H RATNLFMT.H SAMPLE3.DEF SAMPLE3.RC TEXT.CPP<br />
NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H RATIONUM.CPP RFORMTTR.CPP SAMPLE3.EXE SAMPLE3.RES TEXT.H<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
== Taligent International Classes ==<br />
The International Classes were jointly-copyrighted, by Taligent, and IBM, and have been used in several third-party products, developed for non-CommonPoint platforms. iPlanet/Netscape Directory Server (which was since rebranded, several times), was known to be one of these.<br />
<br />
Typically supplied with applications as a DLL, or static library file (<code>libnls</code>), that is either loaded at runtime, or linked, at build time, and consumes <code>.ctx</code>, and <code>.txt</code> pairs, named with ISO language codes, that can define names of months/countries/languages, time formats, currency symbols, and other language/culture/country-specific values, in a JSON-like syntax (although it does not strictly conform, to the JSON specification). <br />
<br />
Versions written in Java, and C++ are known to exist.<br />
<br />
== Taligent Places for Project Teams ==<br />
[[File:Lotus_Notes_Log_Image_32.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
One of the few mass-market products, that was shipped, by Taligent, was "Places for Project Teams". This was a companion application, to Lotus Notes, for Windows, developed using Delphi, and ActiveX/OLE components (as opposed to the company's own, proprietary framework technology), that would have been sold, for a relatively-low price of $49 per-user (or, $390, for a pack of 10 licenses). <br />
<br />
It was [https://web.archive.org/web/19970707142110/http://www.taligent.com/news/placepr.html first announced], on the 27th January, 1997, for release, "''in the second quarter of 1997''", with a beta version being made available, upon announcement (which was supposed to expire, on the 1st May, 1997), and was officially intended to be compatible with Windows NT 3.51, or Windows 95, and Lotus Notes 4.1, as a baseline. <br />
<br />
A 30-day trial copy of version 1.0, for Windows was recovered, from the WayBack Machine, and republished, as an Internet Archive artefact, recently. This is confirmed to run, on Windows Server 2003, and Windows NT 4.0, with a 4.x-series version of Lotus Notes.<br />
<br />
== Taligent WebRunner ==<br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
Being developed after the failure of CommonPoint, the developers of Symbian OS took inspiration from Taligent's coding style conventions, in designing their API surface, to have a consistent naming scheme (e.g. using "M", for Mix-in classes, and prefixing Type classes, with "T", amongst other conventions), and several developers from Taligent, later went to work for Symbian, in both its guise as a limited company, and as a non-profit foundation. <br />
<br />
Taligent technology was also harvested, to produce the popular International Components for Unicode, which was later adopted by Apple, in a twist of fate, for MacOS/iOS, as well as Google, for Android, and most Linux distributions, and several packages of Sun/Oracle's Java APIs were either developed directly, by Taligent engineers, or were ported, and adapted, from code developed for Taligent products. <br />
<br />
Some of the Open Source mathematics library code (e.g. [https://github.com/briancabbott/macOS-system-projects/blob/ae5d2d2677c6f9a38dff4e57c12e682ee632b84c/Resources/Code/apple-oss-distributions/Libm/Source/PowerPC/ExpTableLD.c ExpTable], [https://github.com/briancabbott/macOS-system-projects/blob/ae5d2d2677c6f9a38dff4e57c12e682ee632b84c/Resources/Code/apple-oss-distributions/Libm/Source/PowerPC/LogTableLD.c LogTablelD], and some mathematical function-related code, in various audio drivers), in Apple Darwin, for PowerPC is derived from code developed for CommonPoint.<br />
<br />
It could be argued, that the Genode project, is a spiritual successor, to CommonPoint, in trying to define a framework, for a microkernel-agnostic operating system, although its developers have not publicly stated this being one of their intentions.<br />
<br />
== Additional References ==<br />
<br />
* ''[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/512410 Design Goals of Object-Oriented Wrappers for the Mach Microkernel]'' - Stephen Kurtzman, and Kayshav Dattatri, for Taligent, Inc. (IEEE - Paywall Warning)<br />
* ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=61b46Uti8-UC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=Taligent+Symbian&source=bl&ots=Z5LgmRCk9c&sig=ACfU3U12yyzct-LS7QCiDOXAb14n2TXEtA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLisryuLn8AhXJPsAKHb-oC3c4ChDoAXoECBkQAw#v=onepage&q=Taligent%20Symbian&f=false Symbian OS C++ for Mobile Phones, Volume 3 : Application Development for Symbian OS v9]'' - Richard Harrison, and Mark Shackman (Google Books Preview)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052912/https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/242ad4723ed579bd1f317846b2c04d96b05750cd/docs/userguide/icu/index.md History, and Background of ICU] (GitHub, via Internet Archive)<br />
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052433/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/taligent_is_forced_to_use_takefive_sniff_development_environment_as_own_tools_are_incomplete Taligent Is Forced to Use TakeFive Sniff+ Development Environment, as Own Tools Are Incomplete]'' (CBR/TechMonitor.ai, via Internet Archive)<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9vyO8eAStI The Road To OS X #1: Apple 'Pink', and Taligent - Tech Tales Podcast] (YouTube - Audio Only)<br />
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052251/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/hewlett_packard_news Despite limitations, Hewlett-Packard readies its HP-UX Taligent layer with SoftBench 3.X]'' (CBR/TechMonitor.ai, via Internet Archive)<br />
* ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6REEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA14&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q&f=false Taligent, HP in object pact]'' - Christine Burns, and Peter Lisker (Network World, via Google Books Preview)</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Taligent&diff=857Taligent2023-01-17T02:29:03Z<p>Vmlemon: /* Relationship to MacApp */ Typo</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
Taligent was an American corporation, initially founded as a joint venture, between Apple Computer, Inc., and IBM Corporation, in March 1992, with Hewlett-Packard (HP) later becoming involved, in 1994. <br />
<br />
The founding intention was take advanced, object-oriented software technology, developed as part of Apple's ill-fated "Pink" team, that was ostensibly developing a replacement for the legacy Mac OS, and bring it to a wider market.<br />
<br />
== Early Days ==<br />
The [https://web.archive.org/web/20230115041004/https://wantbranding.com/case-studies/apple/ company's branding] was developed by the New York-based WantBranding's ''Brand Strategy & Naming'' team, along with that for Kaleida (a sister company, focussing on multimedia development products, also launched, around the same time, by Apple, and IBM), and much of the initial Pink engineering team (around 150 members), and associated operational staff, were transferred, from Apple. <br />
<br />
Although Taligent ostensibly had an initial public staff count, of 170 members (the majority, being the aforementioned engineers), from the start, it wouldn't gain an initial chairman/CEO, until 24th February 1992, when Joseph M. Guglielmi was [https://web.archive.org/web/20230115042853/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/08/business/the-executive-computer-apple-ibm-venture-with-new-leaders-searches-for-a-soul.html transferred], from IBM.<br />
<br />
== Initial Product ==<br />
The company initially sought to release a new operating system (TalOS - variously, Taligent Object System/Taligent Object Services), and associated application development environment (Taligent Development Environment/TalDE), and runtime environment (Taligent Application Environment/TalAE), that would have been based on a brand-new, proprietary microkernel, named Opus (or, Opus/2). It is known, that engineers were working on developing abstractions, around 1991-1992, for this kernel, that was alluded to, in unpublished, internal reports, that were mentioned as references, in the March 1995 Mach paper.<br />
[[File:ComDex '94 TalOS Demo Screenshot.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
To date, no copies of this have surfaced, although an alleged [https://web.archive.org/web/20230110165300/http://www.icad.org/websiteV2.0/Conferences/ICAD96/proc96/dougherty.htm final demonstration] (''"The Cutting Edge Demo"'') of the user interface, and its sound effects were made, at the International Conference on Auditory Display, in 1996. <br />
<br />
Other than the mockup UI, shown in the ICAD article (which is reused, in monochrome, in Taligent-related books), very few videos, screenshots, or audio samples exist. (A 2006 [https://web.archive.org/web/20221227182135/http://www.roughlydrafted.com/RD/Q4.06/36A61A87-064B-470D-8870-736DD59CEF48.html RoughlyDrafted article] shows another mockup, that more closely resembles the Mac OS 7.x Finder, including static menubar, Chicago font, mixed-size icons, with customisable colour labels, and BeOS-like window titlebars, but it is unknown, when a decision was made, to recast the UI, with a more NeXTSTEP/RISC OS-like floating menu palette).<br />
<br />
One of the rarest public demonstrations of the TalOS UI, briefly captured on video, is demonstrated at 4:04, in a promotional YouTube video, from [https://youtu.be/IGOHIFwF3CI?t=244 ComDex 1994].<br />
<br />
=== Relationship to MacApp ===<br />
The initial Pink APIs are roughly based on those of the MacApp framework, which was initially written in Pascal, for Mac OS, before being gradually ported to C++, and, later, Windows, in both style, and substance, but have been substantially extended, to produce a viable set of APIs, for implementing a general-purpose operating system. <br />
<br />
The public distribution of MacApp 2.0 (released in 1990), on CD-ROM seems to contain some Pink-related executable code, object file names, mangled linker symbols, logs, and strings, in otherwise unallocated HFS sectors, that does not belong to any known files, or resource forks (it is not preserved, when copying the contents of the CD, to a new HFS+, or FAT16 volume, under Mac OS 9, from examining an both ISO of the CD, and the destination volume, using the UNIX <code>strings</code> utility). <br />
<br />
It is unknown, which version of Pink, this code pertains to, and the PhotoRec utility doesn't contain signatures, capable of matching any files on the CD, but unique mentions of strings such as: <code>OpusBug</code>, <code>Name Server</code>,<code>TSurrogateSection</code>, <code>MPrimitiveClient</code>, and <code>qpIncludes the following: <br />
DiscoInferno OpusWrappers PsychoKiller Runtime Scream Tokens UtilityClasses and ZZText</code>, which do not appear in any of the main MacApp files, or their resource forks, when copies using the Mac OS Finder, are made.<br />
<br />
=== Mach Research ===<br />
In March 1995, a paper was published, detailing the ambitions of Taligent's engineers, in creating new, object-oriented C++ wrappers, for Mach 3 kernel APIs, presumably to replace their older wrappers, for the proprietary Opus/2 microkernel. It is unknown, if this work was later intended to inform any potential port to IBM's grand WorkPlace OS initiative, or if it was simply a way of adapting to the trend of OS developers evaluating Mach, as a "wave of the future" technology.<br />
<br />
== HP Involvement ==<br />
HP was not initially one of the founding partners, but [https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19940106&slug=1888316 announced] their plan to join, in January 1994, and purchased a 15% stake in the organisation, with a view to using Taligent's technology, in HP-UX. (The deal itself received regulatory clearance, a [https://techmonitor.ai/technology/hp_stake_in_taligent_gains_clearance month later], and HP was able to gain a board seat, to influence the operation of Taligent's business).<br />
<br />
Additionally, HP intended on licensing their OpenODB (object-oriented database) product, as well as Distributed Object Management Facility (DOMF) CORBA implementation, together with HP DCE/9000 (an implementation of OSF's Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)), as an alternative, to IBM's implementation, in the hopes of shipping it in a cut of TalOS, or TalAE, that was expected to arrive, by the end of 1995, or the start of 1996.<br />
<br />
=== C++ Compiler Technology (''"CompTech"'') ===<br />
<br />
According to a [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109055751/http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/1503#comment-17400 blog post], by Rys McCusker, the name "CompTech" refers to the team, responsible for developing, and maintaining the compiler products, rather than the compiler itself, and there was a presumably-abandoned plan, to port Apple's experimental Dylan language compiler, and runtime, to the nascent TalOS.<br />
<br />
It is claimed, on Wikipedia, that HP licensed, and released certain Taligent C++ compiler technology, as part of their ANSI C++ compiler, aCC/aC++, in addition to "some graphics libraries", and [https://web.archive.org/web/20230103060929/https://opensource.apple.com/source/gdb/gdb-963/src/gdb/hpacc-abi.c.auto.html GDB source code], released as part of Apple Darwin mentions a shared Taligent, and HP-UX runtime ABI specification. <br />
<br />
It has also been revealed, in [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109061740/https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=pdb_na-PHSS_26952 public defect reports], that earlier versions of the HP aC++ Compiler have been used, to compile Taligent-supplied source code.<br />
<br />
== CommonPoint ==<br />
CommonPoint was a rebranding, of the development tools, and application runtime environment, as it moved away from being an integrated operating system, wholly-developed by Taligent, to an environment that ran on top of third-party operating systems.<br />
<br />
''ToDo - Relationship to IBM VisualAge C++ 3.5/4.0, Open Class Libraries, OpenDoc, products for AIX, and OS/2, DCE, documentation, PinkMake''<br />
<br />
Due to delays, and quality issues, with some of Taligent's own tooling, and HP's SoftBench 3.0, the TakeFive Sniff+ development tools were licensed, and bundled with early versions of the Taligent Application Environment product, as an emergency replacement.<br />
<br />
''ToDo - Transition, from OS, to application suite/operating environment''<br />
<br />
=== CommonPoint, on AIX ===<br />
The CommonPoint Application System, and associated development tools, were primarily developed, to run on AIX, and ported to other platforms. Very few copies of any versions are known to be available, presumably due to their high IBM-recommended prices. <br />
<br />
=== ''CommonPoint for AIX'' Commemorative CDs ===<br />
The Computer History Museum, in California, USA has a [https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102662317 commemorative plaque], seemingly made from a wooden base, wrapped in a metal shell, holding standard jewel CD cases, containing CDs, with retail screen-printing. <br />
<br />
The online description claims, that they were issued, for the shipment of ''CommonPoint(TM) application system, Version 1.0 for AIX'', and ''cpConstructor(TM), Version 1.0 for AIX'', but the only official photograph is low-resolution, and does not show both discs. Additionally, it is unknown if these discs actually contain the software, as the museum is presumably unwilling to extract them, from their mount, to examine their contents.<br />
<br />
It is [https://classiccmp.org/pipermail/cctalk/2020-January/051485.html rumoured], that the discs may actually be blank, although without access to the physical artefact, and the permission of the Computer History Museum, it is difficult to determine the veracity of this claim.<br />
<br />
=== ''The Power of Frameworks'' Book ===<br />
As part of an initiative, to raise mindshare, and awareness of the CommonPoint products, Taligent released a book (ISBN 0-201-48348-3), that included a CD-ROM, and discussed the development of a simple spreadsheet application, for Windows, and OS/2, as well as a version, that was designed for the CommonPoint APIs. <br />
[[File:Taligent's "The Power of Frameworks" Director app splash screen.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
Used copies of the book, have been found, on eBay, and online stores, of charitable organisations, and the text has been uploaded to the Internet Archive - but, no copies of the contents of the CD had been recovered (used copies were sometimes resold, without it included), and archived, until a copy of the book had been located, on the 11th January 2023, with the disc still sealed in the back.<br />
<br />
==== CD Contents ====<br />
<br />
A copy of the CD contents, as both a disk image, created with MacOS Disk Utility, and the files from the file system have been uploaded to the Internet Archive, as a SquashFS image. (This was originally uploaded as a ZIP archive, but got flagged by VirusTotal, as a false positive, and automatically removed).<br />
<br />
The root of the file system contains <code>README.TXT</code> (<code>ASCII text, with CRLF line terminators</code>), <code>PWRFW.EXE</code> (<code>MS-DOS executable, NE for MS Windows 3.x (EXE)</code>), and <code>POFSRC</code> (a directory).<br />
<br />
<code>PWRFW.EXE</code> is the main presentation, developed using <code>Director for Windows Release 4.0.4</code>. Due to containing 16-bit code, it will not run under CrossOver, and Rosetta 2, or under ReactOS, but should run, under Windows 2000. (<code>README.TXT</code> mentions them working, under Windows 3.1, with Win32s, Windows 95, and under OS/2, with caveats).<br />
<br />
The <code>POFSRC</code> directory contains <code>OS2</code>, and <code>WIN31</code> directories, with a shared structure:<br />
<pre><br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2:<br />
POFSAMP1 POFSAMP2 POFSAMP3<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31:<br />
POFSAMP1 POFSAMP2 POFSAMP3<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
These subdirectories contain the C++ source/header files, Makefiles, sample executables/libraries, and associated resource files, for Windows 3.1, and OS/2:<br />
<pre><br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP1:<br />
CELLFORM.H FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H S1.CMD SAMPLE1.EXE SAMPLE1.LNK SAMPLE1.RES<br />
FNUMBER.CPP FRAMEWRK.HH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE1.CPP SAMPLE1.HLP SAMPLE1.MAK WELCOME.H<br />
FNUMBER.H FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.H NGRID.CPP PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE1.DEF SAMPLE1.IPF SAMPLE1.RC<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP2:<br />
CELLFORM.H FRAMEWRK.HH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMBER.DLL OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE2.CPP SAMPLE2.HLP SAMPLE2.MAK TEXT.H<br />
FORMATTE.DLL FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.CPP PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE2.DEF SAMPLE2.IPF SAMPLE2.RC WELCOME.H<br />
FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H NUMFMTR.H S2.CMD SAMPLE2.EXE SAMPLE2.LNK TEXT.CPP<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP3:<br />
CELLFORM.H FORMATTE.DLL FRAMEWRK.HH HELLO.C NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE3.CPP SAMPLE3.HLP SAMPLE3.MAK<br />
FNUMBER.CPP FORMATTE.LIB FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMBER.DLL PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE3.DEF SAMPLE3.IPF SAMPLE3.RC<br />
FNUMBER.H FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMBER.LIB S3.CMD SAMPLE3.EXE SAMPLE3.LNK WELCOME.H<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP1:<br />
FNUMBER.CPP NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.CPP SAMPLE1.CPP SAMPLE1.EXE SAMPLE1.RC SAMPLE1.RH<br />
FNUMBER.H NCELL.H NFORMAT.H NGRID.H SAMPLE1.DEF SAMPLE1.IDE SAMPLE1.RES<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP2:<br />
NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.CPP SAMPLE2.CPP SAMPLE2.EXE SAMPLE2.RC SAMPLE2.RH TEXT.H<br />
NCELL.H NFORMAT.H NGRID.H NUMFMTR.H SAMPLE2.DEF SAMPLE2.IDE SAMPLE2.RES TEXT.CPP<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP3:<br />
NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMFMTR.CPP RATIONUM.H SAMPLE3.CPP SAMPLE3.IDE SAMPLE3.RH<br />
NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.H RATNLFMT.H SAMPLE3.DEF SAMPLE3.RC TEXT.CPP<br />
NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H RATIONUM.CPP RFORMTTR.CPP SAMPLE3.EXE SAMPLE3.RES TEXT.H<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
== Taligent International Classes ==<br />
The International Classes were jointly-copyrighted, by Taligent, and IBM, and have been used in several third-party products, developed for non-CommonPoint platforms. iPlanet/Netscape Directory Server (which was since rebranded, several times), was known to be one of these.<br />
<br />
Typically supplied with applications as a DLL, or static library file (<code>libnls</code>), that is either loaded at runtime, or linked, at build time, and consumes <code>.ctx</code>, and <code>.txt</code> pairs, named with ISO language codes, that can define names of months/countries/languages, time formats, currency symbols, and other language/culture/country-specific values, in a JSON-like syntax (although it does not strictly conform, to the JSON specification). <br />
<br />
Versions written in Java, and C++ are known to exist.<br />
<br />
== Taligent Places for Project Teams ==<br />
[[File:Lotus_Notes_Log_Image_32.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
One of the few mass-market products, that was shipped, by Taligent, was "Places for Project Teams". This was a companion application, to Lotus Notes, for Windows, developed using Delphi, and ActiveX/OLE components (as opposed to the company's own, proprietary framework technology), that would have been sold, for a relatively-low price of $49 per-user (or, $390, for a pack of 10 licenses). <br />
<br />
It was [https://web.archive.org/web/19970707142110/http://www.taligent.com/news/placepr.html first announced], on the 27th January, 1997, for release, "''in the second quarter of 1997''", with a beta version being made available, upon announcement (which was supposed to expire, on the 1st May, 1997), and was officially intended to be compatible with Windows NT 3.51, or Windows 95, and Lotus Notes 4.1, as a baseline. <br />
<br />
A 30-day trial copy of version 1.0, for Windows was recovered, from the WayBack Machine, and republished, as an Internet Archive artefact, recently. This is confirmed to run, on Windows Server 2003, and Windows NT 4.0, with a 4.x-series version of Lotus Notes.<br />
<br />
== Taligent WebRunner ==<br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
Being developed after the failure of CommonPoint, the developers of Symbian OS took inspiration from Taligent's coding style conventions, in designing their API surface, to have a consistent naming scheme (e.g. using "M", for Mix-in classes, and prefixing Type classes, with "T", amongst other conventions), and several developers from Taligent, later went to work for Symbian, in both its guise as a limited company, and as a non-profit foundation. <br />
<br />
Taligent technology was also harvested, to produce the popular International Components for Unicode, which was later adopted by Apple, in a twist of fate, for MacOS/iOS, as well as Google, for Android, and most Linux distributions, and several packages of Sun/Oracle's Java APIs were either developed directly, by Taligent engineers, or were ported, and adapted, from code developed for Taligent products. <br />
<br />
Some of the Open Source mathematics library code (e.g. [https://github.com/briancabbott/macOS-system-projects/blob/ae5d2d2677c6f9a38dff4e57c12e682ee632b84c/Resources/Code/apple-oss-distributions/Libm/Source/PowerPC/ExpTableLD.c ExpTable], [https://github.com/briancabbott/macOS-system-projects/blob/ae5d2d2677c6f9a38dff4e57c12e682ee632b84c/Resources/Code/apple-oss-distributions/Libm/Source/PowerPC/LogTableLD.c LogTablelD], and some mathematical function-related code, in various audio drivers), in Apple Darwin, for PowerPC is derived from code developed for CommonPoint.<br />
<br />
It could be argued, that the Genode project, is a spiritual successor, to CommonPoint, in trying to define a framework, for a microkernel-agnostic operating system, although its developers have not publicly stated this being one of their intentions.<br />
<br />
== Additional References ==<br />
<br />
* ''[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/512410 Design Goals of Object-Oriented Wrappers for the Mach Microkernel]'' - Stephen Kurtzman, and Kayshav Dattatri, for Taligent, Inc. (IEEE - Paywall Warning)<br />
* ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=61b46Uti8-UC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=Taligent+Symbian&source=bl&ots=Z5LgmRCk9c&sig=ACfU3U12yyzct-LS7QCiDOXAb14n2TXEtA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLisryuLn8AhXJPsAKHb-oC3c4ChDoAXoECBkQAw#v=onepage&q=Taligent%20Symbian&f=false Symbian OS C++ for Mobile Phones, Volume 3 : Application Development for Symbian OS v9]'' - Richard Harrison, and Mark Shackman (Google Books Preview)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052912/https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/242ad4723ed579bd1f317846b2c04d96b05750cd/docs/userguide/icu/index.md History, and Background of ICU] (GitHub, via Internet Archive)<br />
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052433/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/taligent_is_forced_to_use_takefive_sniff_development_environment_as_own_tools_are_incomplete Taligent Is Forced to Use TakeFive Sniff+ Development Environment, as Own Tools Are Incomplete]'' (CBR/TechMonitor.ai, via Internet Archive)<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9vyO8eAStI The Road To OS X #1: Apple 'Pink', and Taligent - Tech Tales Podcast] (YouTube - Audio Only)<br />
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052251/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/hewlett_packard_news Despite limitations, Hewlett-Packard readies its HP-UX Taligent layer with SoftBench 3.X]'' (CBR/TechMonitor.ai, via Internet Archive)<br />
* ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6REEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA14&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q&f=false Taligent, HP in object pact]'' - Christine Burns, and Peter Lisker (Network World, via Google Books Preview)</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Taligent&diff=850Taligent2023-01-17T00:38:42Z<p>Vmlemon: /* Initial Product */ Pink-related discovery, in MacApp 2.0</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
Taligent was an American corporation, initially founded as a joint venture, between Apple Computer, Inc., and IBM Corporation, in March 1992, with Hewlett-Packard (HP) later becoming involved, in 1994. <br />
<br />
The founding intention was take advanced, object-oriented software technology, developed as part of Apple's ill-fated "Pink" team, that was ostensibly developing a replacement for the legacy Mac OS, and bring it to a wider market.<br />
<br />
== Early Days ==<br />
The [https://web.archive.org/web/20230115041004/https://wantbranding.com/case-studies/apple/ company's branding] was developed by the New York-based WantBranding's ''Brand Strategy & Naming'' team, along with that for Kaleida (a sister company, focussing on multimedia development products, also launched, around the same time, by Apple, and IBM), and much of the initial Pink engineering team (around 150 members), and associated operational staff, were transferred, from Apple. <br />
<br />
Although Taligent ostensibly had an initial public staff count, of 170 members (the majority, being the aforementioned engineers), from the start, it wouldn't gain an initial chairman/CEO, until 24th February 1992, when Joseph M. Guglielmi was [https://web.archive.org/web/20230115042853/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/08/business/the-executive-computer-apple-ibm-venture-with-new-leaders-searches-for-a-soul.html transferred], from IBM.<br />
<br />
== Initial Product ==<br />
The company initially sought to release a new operating system (TalOS - variously, Taligent Object System/Taligent Object Services), and associated application development environment (Taligent Development Environment/TalDE), and runtime environment (Taligent Application Environment/TalAE), that would have been based on a brand-new, proprietary microkernel, named Opus (or, Opus/2). It is known, that engineers were working on developing abstractions, around 1991-1992, for this kernel, that was alluded to, in unpublished, internal reports, that were mentioned as references, in the March 1995 Mach paper.<br />
[[File:ComDex '94 TalOS Demo Screenshot.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
To date, no copies of this have surfaced, although an alleged [https://web.archive.org/web/20230110165300/http://www.icad.org/websiteV2.0/Conferences/ICAD96/proc96/dougherty.htm final demonstration] (''"The Cutting Edge Demo"'') of the user interface, and its sound effects were made, at the International Conference on Auditory Display, in 1996. <br />
<br />
Other than the mockup UI, shown in the ICAD article (which is reused, in monochrome, in Taligent-related books), very few videos, screenshots, or audio samples exist. (A 2006 [https://web.archive.org/web/20221227182135/http://www.roughlydrafted.com/RD/Q4.06/36A61A87-064B-470D-8870-736DD59CEF48.html RoughlyDrafted article] shows another mockup, that more closely resembles the Mac OS 7.x Finder, including static menubar, Chicago font, mixed-size icons, with customisable colour labels, and BeOS-like window titlebars, but it is unknown, when a decision was made, to recast the UI, with a more NeXTSTEP/RISC OS-like floating menu palette).<br />
<br />
One of the rarest public demonstrations of the TalOS UI, briefly captured on video, is demonstrated at 4:04, in a promotional YouTube video, from [https://youtu.be/IGOHIFwF3CI?t=244 ComDex 1994].<br />
<br />
=== Relationship to MacApp ===<br />
The initial Pink APIs are roughly based on those of the MacApp framework, which was initially written in Pascal, for Mac OS, before being gradually ported to C++, and, later, Windows, in both style, and substance, but have been substantially extended, to produce a viable set of APIs, for implementing a general-purpose operating system. <br />
<br />
The public distribution of MacApp 2.0 (released in 1990), on CD-ROM seems to contain some Pink-related executable code, object file names, mangled linker symbols, logs, and strings, in otherwise unallocated HFS sectors, that does not belong to any known files, or resource forks (it is not preserved, when copying the contents of the CD, to a new HFS+, or FAT16 volume, under Mac OS 9, from examining an both ISO of the CD, and the destination volume, using the UNIX <code>strings</code> utility). <br />
<br />
It is unknown, which version of Pink, this code pertains to, and the PhotoRec utility doesn't contain signatures, capable of matching any files on the CD, but unique mentions of strings such as: <code>OpusBug</code>, <code>Name Server</code>,<code>TSurrogateSection</code>, <code>MPrimitiveClient</code>, and <code>qpIncludes the following: <br />
DiscoInferno OpusWrappers PsychoKiller Runtime Scream Tokens UtilityClasses and ZZText</code>, which do not appear in any of the main MacApp files, or their resource forks, when copied using the Mac OS Finder, are made.<br />
<br />
=== Mach Research ===<br />
In March 1995, a paper was published, detailing the ambitions of Taligent's engineers, in creating new, object-oriented C++ wrappers, for Mach 3 kernel APIs, presumably to replace their older wrappers, for the proprietary Opus/2 microkernel. It is unknown, if this work was later intended to inform any potential port to IBM's grand WorkPlace OS initiative, or if it was simply a way of adapting to the trend of OS developers evaluating Mach, as a "wave of the future" technology.<br />
<br />
== HP Involvement ==<br />
HP was not initially one of the founding partners, but [https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19940106&slug=1888316 announced] their plan to join, in January 1994, and purchased a 15% stake in the organisation, with a view to using Taligent's technology, in HP-UX. (The deal itself received regulatory clearance, a [https://techmonitor.ai/technology/hp_stake_in_taligent_gains_clearance month later], and HP was able to gain a board seat, to influence the operation of Taligent's business).<br />
<br />
Additionally, HP intended on licensing their OpenODB (object-oriented database) product, as well as Distributed Object Management Facility (DOMF) CORBA implementation, together with HP DCE/9000 (an implementation of OSF's Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)), as an alternative, to IBM's implementation, in the hopes of shipping it in a cut of TalOS, or TalAE, that was expected to arrive, by the end of 1995, or the start of 1996.<br />
<br />
=== C++ Compiler Technology (''"CompTech"'') ===<br />
<br />
According to a [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109055751/http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/1503#comment-17400 blog post], by Rys McCusker, the name "CompTech" refers to the team, responsible for developing, and maintaining the compiler products, rather than the compiler itself, and there was a presumably-abandoned plan, to port Apple's experimental Dylan language compiler, and runtime, to the nascent TalOS.<br />
<br />
It is claimed, on Wikipedia, that HP licensed, and released certain Taligent C++ compiler technology, as part of their ANSI C++ compiler, aCC/aC++, in addition to "some graphics libraries", and [https://web.archive.org/web/20230103060929/https://opensource.apple.com/source/gdb/gdb-963/src/gdb/hpacc-abi.c.auto.html GDB source code], released as part of Apple Darwin mentions a shared Taligent, and HP-UX runtime ABI specification. <br />
<br />
It has also been revealed, in [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109061740/https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=pdb_na-PHSS_26952 public defect reports], that earlier versions of the HP aC++ Compiler have been used, to compile Taligent-supplied source code.<br />
<br />
== CommonPoint ==<br />
CommonPoint was a rebranding, of the development tools, and application runtime environment, as it moved away from being an integrated operating system, wholly-developed by Taligent, to an environment that ran on top of third-party operating systems.<br />
<br />
''ToDo - Relationship to IBM VisualAge C++ 3.5/4.0, Open Class Libraries, OpenDoc, products for AIX, and OS/2, DCE, documentation, PinkMake''<br />
<br />
Due to delays, and quality issues, with some of Taligent's own tooling, and HP's SoftBench 3.0, the TakeFive Sniff+ development tools were licensed, and bundled with early versions of the Taligent Application Environment product, as an emergency replacement.<br />
<br />
''ToDo - Transition, from OS, to application suite/operating environment''<br />
<br />
=== CommonPoint, on AIX ===<br />
The CommonPoint Application System, and associated development tools, were primarily developed, to run on AIX, and ported to other platforms. Very few copies of any versions are known to be available, presumably due to their high IBM-recommended prices. <br />
<br />
=== ''CommonPoint for AIX'' Commemorative CDs ===<br />
The Computer History Museum, in California, USA has a [https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102662317 commemorative plaque], seemingly made from a wooden base, wrapped in a metal shell, holding standard jewel CD cases, containing CDs, with retail screen-printing. <br />
<br />
The online description claims, that they were issued, for the shipment of ''CommonPoint(TM) application system, Version 1.0 for AIX'', and ''cpConstructor(TM), Version 1.0 for AIX'', but the only official photograph is low-resolution, and does not show both discs. Additionally, it is unknown if these discs actually contain the software, as the museum is presumably unwilling to extract them, from their mount, to examine their contents.<br />
<br />
It is [https://classiccmp.org/pipermail/cctalk/2020-January/051485.html rumoured], that the discs may actually be blank, although without access to the physical artefact, and the permission of the Computer History Museum, it is difficult to determine the veracity of this claim.<br />
<br />
=== ''The Power of Frameworks'' Book ===<br />
As part of an initiative, to raise mindshare, and awareness of the CommonPoint products, Taligent released a book (ISBN 0-201-48348-3), that included a CD-ROM, and discussed the development of a simple spreadsheet application, for Windows, and OS/2, as well as a version, that was designed for the CommonPoint APIs. <br />
[[File:Taligent's "The Power of Frameworks" Director app splash screen.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
Used copies of the book, have been found, on eBay, and online stores, of charitable organisations, and the text has been uploaded to the Internet Archive - but, no copies of the contents of the CD had been recovered (used copies were sometimes resold, without it included), and archived, until a copy of the book had been located, on the 11th January 2023, with the disc still sealed in the back.<br />
<br />
==== CD Contents ====<br />
<br />
A copy of the CD contents, as both a disk image, created with MacOS Disk Utility, and the files from the file system have been uploaded to the Internet Archive, as a SquashFS image. (This was originally uploaded as a ZIP archive, but got flagged by VirusTotal, as a false positive, and automatically removed).<br />
<br />
The root of the file system contains <code>README.TXT</code> (<code>ASCII text, with CRLF line terminators</code>), <code>PWRFW.EXE</code> (<code>MS-DOS executable, NE for MS Windows 3.x (EXE)</code>), and <code>POFSRC</code> (a directory).<br />
<br />
<code>PWRFW.EXE</code> is the main presentation, developed using <code>Director for Windows Release 4.0.4</code>. Due to containing 16-bit code, it will not run under CrossOver, and Rosetta 2, or under ReactOS, but should run, under Windows 2000. (<code>README.TXT</code> mentions them working, under Windows 3.1, with Win32s, Windows 95, and under OS/2, with caveats).<br />
<br />
The <code>POFSRC</code> directory contains <code>OS2</code>, and <code>WIN31</code> directories, with a shared structure:<br />
<pre><br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2:<br />
POFSAMP1 POFSAMP2 POFSAMP3<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31:<br />
POFSAMP1 POFSAMP2 POFSAMP3<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
These subdirectories contain the C++ source/header files, Makefiles, sample executables/libraries, and associated resource files, for Windows 3.1, and OS/2:<br />
<pre><br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP1:<br />
CELLFORM.H FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H S1.CMD SAMPLE1.EXE SAMPLE1.LNK SAMPLE1.RES<br />
FNUMBER.CPP FRAMEWRK.HH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE1.CPP SAMPLE1.HLP SAMPLE1.MAK WELCOME.H<br />
FNUMBER.H FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.H NGRID.CPP PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE1.DEF SAMPLE1.IPF SAMPLE1.RC<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP2:<br />
CELLFORM.H FRAMEWRK.HH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMBER.DLL OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE2.CPP SAMPLE2.HLP SAMPLE2.MAK TEXT.H<br />
FORMATTE.DLL FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.CPP PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE2.DEF SAMPLE2.IPF SAMPLE2.RC WELCOME.H<br />
FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H NUMFMTR.H S2.CMD SAMPLE2.EXE SAMPLE2.LNK TEXT.CPP<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP3:<br />
CELLFORM.H FORMATTE.DLL FRAMEWRK.HH HELLO.C NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE3.CPP SAMPLE3.HLP SAMPLE3.MAK<br />
FNUMBER.CPP FORMATTE.LIB FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMBER.DLL PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE3.DEF SAMPLE3.IPF SAMPLE3.RC<br />
FNUMBER.H FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMBER.LIB S3.CMD SAMPLE3.EXE SAMPLE3.LNK WELCOME.H<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP1:<br />
FNUMBER.CPP NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.CPP SAMPLE1.CPP SAMPLE1.EXE SAMPLE1.RC SAMPLE1.RH<br />
FNUMBER.H NCELL.H NFORMAT.H NGRID.H SAMPLE1.DEF SAMPLE1.IDE SAMPLE1.RES<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP2:<br />
NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.CPP SAMPLE2.CPP SAMPLE2.EXE SAMPLE2.RC SAMPLE2.RH TEXT.H<br />
NCELL.H NFORMAT.H NGRID.H NUMFMTR.H SAMPLE2.DEF SAMPLE2.IDE SAMPLE2.RES TEXT.CPP<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP3:<br />
NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMFMTR.CPP RATIONUM.H SAMPLE3.CPP SAMPLE3.IDE SAMPLE3.RH<br />
NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.H RATNLFMT.H SAMPLE3.DEF SAMPLE3.RC TEXT.CPP<br />
NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H RATIONUM.CPP RFORMTTR.CPP SAMPLE3.EXE SAMPLE3.RES TEXT.H<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
== Taligent International Classes ==<br />
The International Classes were jointly-copyrighted, by Taligent, and IBM, and have been used in several third-party products, developed for non-CommonPoint platforms. iPlanet/Netscape Directory Server (which was since rebranded, several times), was known to be one of these.<br />
<br />
Typically supplied with applications as a DLL, or static library file (<code>libnls</code>), that is either loaded at runtime, or linked, at build time, and consumes <code>.ctx</code>, and <code>.txt</code> pairs, named with ISO language codes, that can define names of months/countries/languages, time formats, currency symbols, and other language/culture/country-specific values, in a JSON-like syntax (although it does not strictly conform, to the JSON specification). <br />
<br />
Versions written in Java, and C++ are known to exist.<br />
<br />
== Taligent Places for Project Teams ==<br />
[[File:Lotus_Notes_Log_Image_32.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
One of the few mass-market products, that was shipped, by Taligent, was "Places for Project Teams". This was a companion application, to Lotus Notes, for Windows, developed using Delphi, and ActiveX/OLE components (as opposed to the company's own, proprietary framework technology), that would have been sold, for a relatively-low price of $49 per-user (or, $390, for a pack of 10 licenses). <br />
<br />
It was [https://web.archive.org/web/19970707142110/http://www.taligent.com/news/placepr.html first announced], on the 27th January, 1997, for release, "''in the second quarter of 1997''", with a beta version being made available, upon announcement (which was supposed to expire, on the 1st May, 1997), and was officially intended to be compatible with Windows NT 3.51, or Windows 95, and Lotus Notes 4.1, as a baseline. <br />
<br />
A 30-day trial copy of version 1.0, for Windows was recovered, from the WayBack Machine, and republished, as an Internet Archive artefact, recently. This is confirmed to run, on Windows Server 2003, and Windows NT 4.0, with a 4.x-series version of Lotus Notes.<br />
<br />
== Taligent WebRunner ==<br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
Being developed after the failure of CommonPoint, the developers of Symbian OS took inspiration from Taligent's coding style conventions, in designing their API surface, to have a consistent naming scheme (e.g. using "M", for Mix-in classes, and prefixing Type classes, with "T", amongst other conventions), and several developers from Taligent, later went to work for Symbian, in both its guise as a limited company, and as a non-profit foundation. <br />
<br />
Taligent technology was also harvested, to produce the popular International Components for Unicode, which was later adopted by Apple, in a twist of fate, for MacOS/iOS, as well as Google, for Android, and most Linux distributions, and several packages of Sun/Oracle's Java APIs were either developed directly, by Taligent engineers, or were ported, and adapted, from code developed for Taligent products. <br />
<br />
Some of the Open Source mathematics library code (e.g. [https://github.com/briancabbott/macOS-system-projects/blob/ae5d2d2677c6f9a38dff4e57c12e682ee632b84c/Resources/Code/apple-oss-distributions/Libm/Source/PowerPC/ExpTableLD.c ExpTable], [https://github.com/briancabbott/macOS-system-projects/blob/ae5d2d2677c6f9a38dff4e57c12e682ee632b84c/Resources/Code/apple-oss-distributions/Libm/Source/PowerPC/LogTableLD.c LogTablelD], and some mathematical function-related code, in various audio drivers), in Apple Darwin, for PowerPC is derived from code developed for CommonPoint.<br />
<br />
It could be argued, that the Genode project, is a spiritual successor, to CommonPoint, in trying to define a framework, for a microkernel-agnostic operating system, although its developers have not publicly stated this being one of their intentions.<br />
<br />
== Additional References ==<br />
<br />
* ''[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/512410 Design Goals of Object-Oriented Wrappers for the Mach Microkernel]'' - Stephen Kurtzman, and Kayshav Dattatri, for Taligent, Inc. (IEEE - Paywall Warning)<br />
* ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=61b46Uti8-UC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=Taligent+Symbian&source=bl&ots=Z5LgmRCk9c&sig=ACfU3U12yyzct-LS7QCiDOXAb14n2TXEtA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLisryuLn8AhXJPsAKHb-oC3c4ChDoAXoECBkQAw#v=onepage&q=Taligent%20Symbian&f=false Symbian OS C++ for Mobile Phones, Volume 3 : Application Development for Symbian OS v9]'' - Richard Harrison, and Mark Shackman (Google Books Preview)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052912/https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/242ad4723ed579bd1f317846b2c04d96b05750cd/docs/userguide/icu/index.md History, and Background of ICU] (GitHub, via Internet Archive)<br />
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052433/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/taligent_is_forced_to_use_takefive_sniff_development_environment_as_own_tools_are_incomplete Taligent Is Forced to Use TakeFive Sniff+ Development Environment, as Own Tools Are Incomplete]'' (CBR/TechMonitor.ai, via Internet Archive)<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9vyO8eAStI The Road To OS X #1: Apple 'Pink', and Taligent - Tech Tales Podcast] (YouTube - Audio Only)<br />
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052251/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/hewlett_packard_news Despite limitations, Hewlett-Packard readies its HP-UX Taligent layer with SoftBench 3.X]'' (CBR/TechMonitor.ai, via Internet Archive)<br />
* ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6REEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA14&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q&f=false Taligent, HP in object pact]'' - Christine Burns, and Peter Lisker (Network World, via Google Books Preview)</div>Vmlemonhttps://wiki.restless.systems/index.php?title=Taligent&diff=847Taligent2023-01-16T09:14:48Z<p>Vmlemon: /* Taligent International Classes */ How it works</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Category:Preservation and Documentation]]<br />
Taligent was an American corporation, initially founded as a joint venture, between Apple Computer, Inc., and IBM Corporation, in March 1992, with Hewlett-Packard (HP) later becoming involved, in 1994. <br />
<br />
The founding intention was take advanced, object-oriented software technology, developed as part of Apple's ill-fated "Pink" team, that was ostensibly developing a replacement for the legacy Mac OS, and bring it to a wider market.<br />
<br />
== Early Days ==<br />
The [https://web.archive.org/web/20230115041004/https://wantbranding.com/case-studies/apple/ company's branding] was developed by the New York-based WantBranding's ''Brand Strategy & Naming'' team, along with that for Kaleida (a sister company, focussing on multimedia development products, also launched, around the same time, by Apple, and IBM), and much of the initial Pink engineering team (around 150 members), and associated operational staff, were transferred, from Apple. <br />
<br />
Although Taligent ostensibly had an initial public staff count, of 170 members (the majority, being the aforementioned engineers), from the start, it wouldn't gain an initial chairman/CEO, until 24th February 1992, when Joseph M. Guglielmi was [https://web.archive.org/web/20230115042853/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/08/business/the-executive-computer-apple-ibm-venture-with-new-leaders-searches-for-a-soul.html transferred], from IBM.<br />
<br />
== Initial Product ==<br />
The company initially sought to release a new operating system (TalOS - variously, Taligent Object System/Taligent Object Services), and associated application development environment (Taligent Development Environment/TalDE), and runtime environment (Taligent Application Environment/TalAE), that would have been based on a brand-new, proprietary microkernel, named Opus (or, Opus/2). It is known, that engineers were working on developing abstractions, around 1991-1992, for this kernel, that was alluded to, in unpublished, internal reports, that were mentioned as references, in the March 1995 Mach paper.<br />
[[File:ComDex '94 TalOS Demo Screenshot.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
To date, no copies of this have surfaced, although an alleged [https://web.archive.org/web/20230110165300/http://www.icad.org/websiteV2.0/Conferences/ICAD96/proc96/dougherty.htm final demonstration] (''"The Cutting Edge Demo"'') of the user interface, and its sound effects were made, at the International Conference on Auditory Display, in 1996. <br />
<br />
Other than the mockup UI, shown in the ICAD article (which is reused, in monochrome, in Taligent-related books), very few videos, screenshots, or audio samples exist. (A 2006 [https://web.archive.org/web/20221227182135/http://www.roughlydrafted.com/RD/Q4.06/36A61A87-064B-470D-8870-736DD59CEF48.html RoughlyDrafted article] shows another mockup, that more closely resembles the Mac OS 7.x Finder, including static menubar, Chicago font, mixed-size icons, with customisable colour labels, and BeOS-like window titlebars, but it is unknown, when a decision was made, to recast the UI, with a more NeXTSTEP/RISC OS-like floating menu palette).<br />
<br />
One of the rarest public demonstrations of the TalOS UI, briefly captured on video, is demonstrated at 4:04, in a promotional YouTube video, from [https://youtu.be/IGOHIFwF3CI?t=244 ComDex 1994].<br />
<br />
=== Mach Research ===<br />
In March 1995, a paper was published, detailing the ambitions of Taligent's engineers, in creating new, object-oriented C++ wrappers, for Mach 3 kernel APIs, presumably to replace their older wrappers, for the proprietary Opus/2 microkernel. It is unknown, if this work was later intended to inform any potential port to IBM's grand WorkPlace OS initiative, or if it was simply a way of adapting to the trend of OS developers evaluating Mach, as a "wave of the future" technology.<br />
<br />
== HP Involvement ==<br />
HP was not initially one of the founding partners, but [https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19940106&slug=1888316 announced] their plan to join, in January 1994, and purchased a 15% stake in the organisation, with a view to using Taligent's technology, in HP-UX. (The deal itself received regulatory clearance, a [https://techmonitor.ai/technology/hp_stake_in_taligent_gains_clearance month later], and HP was able to gain a board seat, to influence the operation of Taligent's business).<br />
<br />
Additionally, HP intended on licensing their OpenODB (object-oriented database) product, as well as Distributed Object Management Facility (DOMF) CORBA implementation, together with HP DCE/9000 (an implementation of OSF's Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)), as an alternative, to IBM's implementation, in the hopes of shipping it in a cut of TalOS, or TalAE, that was expected to arrive, by the end of 1995, or the start of 1996.<br />
<br />
=== C++ Compiler Technology (''"CompTech"'') ===<br />
<br />
According to a [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109055751/http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/1503#comment-17400 blog post], by Rys McCusker, the name "CompTech" refers to the team, responsible for developing, and maintaining the compiler products, rather than the compiler itself, and there was a presumably-abandoned plan, to port Apple's experimental Dylan language compiler, and runtime, to the nascent TalOS.<br />
<br />
It is claimed, on Wikipedia, that HP licensed, and released certain Taligent C++ compiler technology, as part of their ANSI C++ compiler, aCC/aC++, in addition to "some graphics libraries", and [https://web.archive.org/web/20230103060929/https://opensource.apple.com/source/gdb/gdb-963/src/gdb/hpacc-abi.c.auto.html GDB source code], released as part of Apple Darwin mentions a shared Taligent, and HP-UX runtime ABI specification. <br />
<br />
It has also been revealed, in [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109061740/https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=pdb_na-PHSS_26952 public defect reports], that earlier versions of the HP aC++ Compiler have been used, to compile Taligent-supplied source code.<br />
<br />
== CommonPoint ==<br />
CommonPoint was a rebranding, of the development tools, and application runtime environment, as it moved away from being an integrated operating system, wholly-developed by Taligent, to an environment that ran on top of third-party operating systems.<br />
<br />
''ToDo - Relationship to IBM VisualAge C++ 3.5/4.0, Open Class Libraries, OpenDoc, products for AIX, and OS/2, DCE, documentation, PinkMake''<br />
<br />
Due to delays, and quality issues, with some of Taligent's own tooling, and HP's SoftBench 3.0, the TakeFive Sniff+ development tools were licensed, and bundled with early versions of the Taligent Application Environment product, as an emergency replacement.<br />
<br />
''ToDo - Transition, from OS, to application suite/operating environment''<br />
<br />
=== CommonPoint, on AIX ===<br />
The CommonPoint Application System, and associated development tools, were primarily developed, to run on AIX, and ported to other platforms. Very few copies of any versions are known to be available, presumably due to their high IBM-recommended prices. <br />
<br />
=== ''CommonPoint for AIX'' Commemorative CDs ===<br />
The Computer History Museum, in California, USA has a [https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102662317 commemorative plaque], seemingly made from a wooden base, wrapped in a metal shell, holding standard jewel CD cases, containing CDs, with retail screen-printing. <br />
<br />
The online description claims, that they were issued, for the shipment of ''CommonPoint(TM) application system, Version 1.0 for AIX'', and ''cpConstructor(TM), Version 1.0 for AIX'', but the only official photograph is low-resolution, and does not show both discs. Additionally, it is unknown if these discs actually contain the software, as the museum is presumably unwilling to extract them, from their mount, to examine their contents.<br />
<br />
It is [https://classiccmp.org/pipermail/cctalk/2020-January/051485.html rumoured], that the discs may actually be blank, although without access to the physical artefact, and the permission of the Computer History Museum, it is difficult to determine the veracity of this claim.<br />
<br />
=== ''The Power of Frameworks'' Book ===<br />
As part of an initiative, to raise mindshare, and awareness of the CommonPoint products, Taligent released a book (ISBN 0-201-48348-3), that included a CD-ROM, and discussed the development of a simple spreadsheet application, for Windows, and OS/2, as well as a version, that was designed for the CommonPoint APIs. <br />
[[File:Taligent's "The Power of Frameworks" Director app splash screen.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
Used copies of the book, have been found, on eBay, and online stores, of charitable organisations, and the text has been uploaded to the Internet Archive - but, no copies of the contents of the CD had been recovered (used copies were sometimes resold, without it included), and archived, until a copy of the book had been located, on the 11th January 2023, with the disc still sealed in the back.<br />
<br />
==== CD Contents ====<br />
<br />
A copy of the CD contents, as both a disk image, created with MacOS Disk Utility, and the files from the file system have been uploaded to the Internet Archive, as a SquashFS image. (This was originally uploaded as a ZIP archive, but got flagged by VirusTotal, as a false positive, and automatically removed).<br />
<br />
The root of the file system contains <code>README.TXT</code> (<code>ASCII text, with CRLF line terminators</code>), <code>PWRFW.EXE</code> (<code>MS-DOS executable, NE for MS Windows 3.x (EXE)</code>), and <code>POFSRC</code> (a directory).<br />
<br />
<code>PWRFW.EXE</code> is the main presentation, developed using <code>Director for Windows Release 4.0.4</code>. Due to containing 16-bit code, it will not run under CrossOver, and Rosetta 2, or under ReactOS, but should run, under Windows 2000. (<code>README.TXT</code> mentions them working, under Windows 3.1, with Win32s, Windows 95, and under OS/2, with caveats).<br />
<br />
The <code>POFSRC</code> directory contains <code>OS2</code>, and <code>WIN31</code> directories, with a shared structure:<br />
<pre><br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2:<br />
POFSAMP1 POFSAMP2 POFSAMP3<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31:<br />
POFSAMP1 POFSAMP2 POFSAMP3<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
These subdirectories contain the C++ source/header files, Makefiles, sample executables/libraries, and associated resource files, for Windows 3.1, and OS/2:<br />
<pre><br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP1:<br />
CELLFORM.H FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H S1.CMD SAMPLE1.EXE SAMPLE1.LNK SAMPLE1.RES<br />
FNUMBER.CPP FRAMEWRK.HH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE1.CPP SAMPLE1.HLP SAMPLE1.MAK WELCOME.H<br />
FNUMBER.H FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.H NGRID.CPP PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE1.DEF SAMPLE1.IPF SAMPLE1.RC<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP2:<br />
CELLFORM.H FRAMEWRK.HH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMBER.DLL OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE2.CPP SAMPLE2.HLP SAMPLE2.MAK TEXT.H<br />
FORMATTE.DLL FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.CPP PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE2.DEF SAMPLE2.IPF SAMPLE2.RC WELCOME.H<br />
FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H NUMFMTR.H S2.CMD SAMPLE2.EXE SAMPLE2.LNK TEXT.CPP<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/OS2/POFSAMP3:<br />
CELLFORM.H FORMATTE.DLL FRAMEWRK.HH HELLO.C NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H OS2TYPES.H SAMPLE3.CPP SAMPLE3.HLP SAMPLE3.MAK<br />
FNUMBER.CPP FORMATTE.LIB FRAMEWRK.RCH NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMBER.DLL PUZZLE.ICO SAMPLE3.DEF SAMPLE3.IPF SAMPLE3.RC<br />
FNUMBER.H FRAMEWRK.H GRID.H NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMBER.LIB S3.CMD SAMPLE3.EXE SAMPLE3.LNK WELCOME.H<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP1:<br />
FNUMBER.CPP NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.CPP SAMPLE1.CPP SAMPLE1.EXE SAMPLE1.RC SAMPLE1.RH<br />
FNUMBER.H NCELL.H NFORMAT.H NGRID.H SAMPLE1.DEF SAMPLE1.IDE SAMPLE1.RES<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP2:<br />
NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.CPP SAMPLE2.CPP SAMPLE2.EXE SAMPLE2.RC SAMPLE2.RH TEXT.H<br />
NCELL.H NFORMAT.H NGRID.H NUMFMTR.H SAMPLE2.DEF SAMPLE2.IDE SAMPLE2.RES TEXT.CPP<br />
<br />
/Volumes/CDMASTER/POFSRC/WIN31/POFSAMP3:<br />
NCELL.CPP NFORMAT.H NUMFMTR.CPP RATIONUM.H SAMPLE3.CPP SAMPLE3.IDE SAMPLE3.RH<br />
NCELL.H NGRID.CPP NUMFMTR.H RATNLFMT.H SAMPLE3.DEF SAMPLE3.RC TEXT.CPP<br />
NFORMAT.CPP NGRID.H RATIONUM.CPP RFORMTTR.CPP SAMPLE3.EXE SAMPLE3.RES TEXT.H<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
== Taligent International Classes ==<br />
The International Classes were jointly-copyrighted, by Taligent, and IBM, and have been used in several third-party products, developed for non-CommonPoint platforms. iPlanet/Netscape Directory Server (which was since rebranded, several times), was known to be one of these.<br />
<br />
Typically supplied with applications as a DLL, or static library file (<code>libnls</code>), that is either loaded at runtime, or linked, at build time, and consumes <code>.ctx</code>, and <code>.txt</code> pairs, named with ISO language codes, that can define names of months/countries/languages, time formats, currency symbols, and other language/culture/country-specific values, in a JSON-like syntax (although it does not strictly conform, to the JSON specification). <br />
<br />
Versions written in Java, and C++ are known to exist.<br />
<br />
== Taligent Places for Project Teams ==<br />
[[File:Lotus_Notes_Log_Image_32.png|right|126x126px]]<br />
One of the few mass-market products, that was shipped, by Taligent, was "Places for Project Teams". This was a companion application, to Lotus Notes, for Windows, developed using Delphi, and ActiveX/OLE components (as opposed to the company's own, proprietary framework technology), that would have been sold, for a relatively-low price of $49 per-user (or, $390, for a pack of 10 licenses). <br />
<br />
It was [https://web.archive.org/web/19970707142110/http://www.taligent.com/news/placepr.html first announced], on the 27th January, 1997, for release, "''in the second quarter of 1997''", with a beta version being made available, upon announcement (which was supposed to expire, on the 1st May, 1997), and was officially intended to be compatible with Windows NT 3.51, or Windows 95, and Lotus Notes 4.1, as a baseline. <br />
<br />
A 30-day trial copy of version 1.0, for Windows was recovered, from the WayBack Machine, and republished, as an Internet Archive artefact, recently. This is confirmed to run, on Windows Server 2003, and Windows NT 4.0, with a 4.x-series version of Lotus Notes.<br />
<br />
== Taligent WebRunner ==<br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
Being developed after the failure of CommonPoint, the developers of Symbian OS took inspiration from Taligent's coding style conventions, in designing their API surface, to have a consistent naming scheme (e.g. using "M", for Mix-in classes, and prefixing Type classes, with "T", amongst other conventions), and several developers from Taligent, later went to work for Symbian, in both its guise as a limited company, and as a non-profit foundation. <br />
<br />
Taligent technology was also harvested, to produce the popular International Components for Unicode, which was later adopted by Apple, in a twist of fate, for MacOS/iOS, as well as Google, for Android, and most Linux distributions, and several packages of Sun/Oracle's Java APIs were either developed directly, by Taligent engineers, or were ported, and adapted, from code developed for Taligent products. <br />
<br />
Some of the Open Source mathematics library code (e.g. [https://github.com/briancabbott/macOS-system-projects/blob/ae5d2d2677c6f9a38dff4e57c12e682ee632b84c/Resources/Code/apple-oss-distributions/Libm/Source/PowerPC/ExpTableLD.c ExpTable], [https://github.com/briancabbott/macOS-system-projects/blob/ae5d2d2677c6f9a38dff4e57c12e682ee632b84c/Resources/Code/apple-oss-distributions/Libm/Source/PowerPC/LogTableLD.c LogTablelD], and some mathematical function-related code, in various audio drivers), in Apple Darwin, for PowerPC is derived from code developed for CommonPoint.<br />
<br />
It could be argued, that the Genode project, is a spiritual successor, to CommonPoint, in trying to define a framework, for a microkernel-agnostic operating system, although its developers have not publicly stated this being one of their intentions.<br />
<br />
== Additional References ==<br />
<br />
* ''[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/512410 Design Goals of Object-Oriented Wrappers for the Mach Microkernel]'' - Stephen Kurtzman, and Kayshav Dattatri, for Taligent, Inc. (IEEE - Paywall Warning)<br />
* ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=61b46Uti8-UC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=Taligent+Symbian&source=bl&ots=Z5LgmRCk9c&sig=ACfU3U12yyzct-LS7QCiDOXAb14n2TXEtA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLisryuLn8AhXJPsAKHb-oC3c4ChDoAXoECBkQAw#v=onepage&q=Taligent%20Symbian&f=false Symbian OS C++ for Mobile Phones, Volume 3 : Application Development for Symbian OS v9]'' - Richard Harrison, and Mark Shackman (Google Books Preview)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052912/https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/242ad4723ed579bd1f317846b2c04d96b05750cd/docs/userguide/icu/index.md History, and Background of ICU] (GitHub, via Internet Archive)<br />
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052433/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/taligent_is_forced_to_use_takefive_sniff_development_environment_as_own_tools_are_incomplete Taligent Is Forced to Use TakeFive Sniff+ Development Environment, as Own Tools Are Incomplete]'' (CBR/TechMonitor.ai, via Internet Archive)<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9vyO8eAStI The Road To OS X #1: Apple 'Pink', and Taligent - Tech Tales Podcast] (YouTube - Audio Only)<br />
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052251/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/hewlett_packard_news Despite limitations, Hewlett-Packard readies its HP-UX Taligent layer with SoftBench 3.X]'' (CBR/TechMonitor.ai, via Internet Archive)<br />
* ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6REEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA14&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q&f=false Taligent, HP in object pact]'' - Christine Burns, and Peter Lisker (Network World, via Google Books Preview)</div>Vmlemon